20 Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, Book III (Lines 830–1094)
1. Module Introduction: The Enduring Magic of Lucretius
The work of Titus Lucretius Carus remains a cornerstone of the Western intellectual tradition, possessing a vitality that bridges the ancient and modern worlds. As Albert Einstein observed in his 1924 foreword to the Diels edition: “The work of Lucretius will work its magic on anyone who does not completely wrap himself in the spirit of our time and, in particular, occasionally feels like a spectator of the intellectual attitude of his contemporaries.” Einstein was struck by the poet’s “firm confidence” in the “causal connectedness of everything that happens in the world,” viewing Lucretius as a “faithful disciple of Democritus and Epicurus.” This causal interconnectedness was not merely a physical theory but a tool for liberation; the primary objective of the work was the emancipation of humanity from “slavish fear, induced by religion and superstition.”
The physical journey of this text—from the papyri of the first century BCE to the digital interfaces of today—is itself a testament to its power. Sir David Attenborough identifies the 1515 Aldine edition of Lucretius as one of his most cherished possessions. Printed by Aldus Manutius in Venice, this edition utilized a “wonderfully elegant italic script typeface” that made the classics portable and accessible. Attenborough characterizes such books as “memes”—vessels where “human experience is embedded and handed down from generation to generation.” In this module, we examine the conclusion of Book III, where Lucretius applies his atomistic physics to the ultimate human anxiety, arguing that death is “nothing to us.”
2. Editorial Note: The Diels 1923 Edition
This module utilizes the Latin text established by Hermann Diels (1848–1922), arguably the most significant classical philologist of the early twentieth century. Diels, a “friend of Epicurean Philosophy,” intended for his edition to capture the “prisca simplicitas” (ancient simplicity) and “ancient vigor” of the Lucretian voice. As noted by the scholar Titus, Diels’s verses “read so naturally that one forgets it is a translation.”
Diels passed away on June 4, 1922, before the final publication of his work. The task of bringing the project to its “umbilicum” (completion) fell to his colleague Johannes Mewaldt. This 1923 volume contains the definitive Latin text and Diels’s Latin Praefatio, while the second volume (1924) contains the German translation and a foreword by Mewaldt. The orthography here strictly follows Diels’s preference for the “u” over the modern “v” in lowercase (e.g., uelut, uita) and the “V” in capitalized titles (e.g., RERVM), preserving the texture of the Carolingian codices upon which the text is reconstructed.
3. Parallel Text: The Triumph Over Death (Lines 830–1094)
| Line | T. LVCRETI CARI DE RERVM NATVRA | The Nature of Things: English Translation |
| 830 | Nil igitur mors est ad nos neque pertinet hilum, | Therefore death is nothing to us and matters not a jot, |
| quandoquidem natura animi mortalis habetur. | since the nature of the mind is held to be mortal. | |
| et uelut anteacto nil tempore sensimus aegri, | And just as in ages past we felt no distress, | |
| ad confligendum uenientibus undique Poenis, | when the Carthaginians were thronging to battle from all sides, | |
| 834 | omnia cum belli trepido concussa tumultu | when all things, shaken by the frantic tumult of war, |
| 835 | horrida contremuere sub altis aetheris oris, | shuddered with fear under the high shores of heaven, |
| in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum | and it was in doubt under whose empire all humanity | |
| omnibus humanis esset terraque marique, | must fall, by land and by sea alike, | |
| sic, ubi non erimus, cum corporis atque animai | so, when we shall be no more, when the bond of body and soul | |
| discidium fuerit quibus e sumus uniter apti, | has been severed, out of which we are joined into one, | |
| 840 | scilicet haud nobis quicquam, qui non erimus tum, | surely nothing at all can happen to us, who then will not be, |
| accidere omnino poterit sensumque mouere, | or move our senses in any way, | |
| non si terra mari miscebitur et mare caelo. | not even if the earth is confounded with the sea, and the sea with heaven. | |
| et si iam nostro sentit de corpore postquam | And even if the nature of the mind and the power of the soul | |
| 844 | distractast animi natura animaique potestas, | do feel after they have been torn from our body, |
| 845 | nil tarnen est ad nos, qui comptu coniugioque | yet it is nothing to us, who by the binding and marriage |
| corporis atque animai constat prius uniter apti. | of body and soul are formed into one single being. | |
| nec, si materiem nostram collegerit aetas | Nor, if time should collect our matter after our death | |
| post obitum rursumque redegerit ut sita nunc est | and bring it back again as it is now placed, | |
| atque iterum nobis fuerint data lumina uitae, | and if the light of life were given to us once more, | |
| 850 | pertineat quicquam tarnen ad nos id quoque factum, | would even that event concern us at all, |
| interrupta semel cum sit repetentia nostri. | once the chain of our self-awareness has been snapped asunder. | |
| et nunc nil ad nos de nobis adtinet, ante | Even now we are not concerned about the self we were before, | |
| qui fuimus, neque iam de illis nos adficit angor. | nor does any anguish for those former selves affect us now. | |
| nam cum respicias inmensi temporis omne | For when you look back at the whole expanse of unmeasured time | |
| 855 | praeteritum spatium, tum motus materiai | that is past, and consider how varied are the motions of matter, |
| multimodi quam sint, facile hoc adcredere possis, | you can easily believe this: that these same seeds | |
| semina saepe in eodem, ut nunc sunt, ordine posta | of which we are now composed have often been placed in the same order | |
| haec eadem, quibus e nunc nos sumus, ante fuisse. | in which they are now. | |
| nec memori tarnen id quimus reprehendere mente; | Yet we cannot grasp this with a remembering mind; | |
| 860 | inter enim iectast uitai pausa uageque | for a pause in life has been cast between, and all the motions |
| deerrarunt passim motus ab sensibus omnes. | have wandered far astray from our senses. | |
| debet enim, si forte dolore ac miseriai | For if a man is to suffer pain and misery in the future, | |
| uir sit futurus, illum quoque tempore in illo | he himself must exist at that time to feel the ill. | |
| esse, ut ei possit uis moli; nunc quoniam mors | But since death precludes this, and forbids him to exist | |
| 865 | adimit prohibetque illum cui possit uenire | who might have been visited by these troubles, |
| accidere, scire licet nobis nil esse timendum | we may be sure that we have nothing to fear in death, | |
| in morte, neque illum qui non est posse miserum | and that he who does not exist cannot be miserable, | |
| fieri, hilumque interest an nullo natus sit ante | and that it matters not a whit whether he had ever been born | |
| tempore, mortalis uitam cum mors inmortalis ademit. | once mortal life has been taken away by immortal death. | |
| 870 | Proinde ubi uideas hominem indignarier ipsum, | Therefore, when you see a man resenting the thought |
| post mortem fore ut aut putescat corpore posto | that after death his body will rot where it is laid, | |
| aut flammis interfiat malisue ferarum, | or be destroyed by flames or the jaws of wild beasts, | |
| scire licet non sincerum sonere et subesse | you may know that his words do not ring true, and that deep in his heart | |
| caecum aliquem cordi stimulum, quamuis neget ipse | there lurks a secret sting, however much he denies | |
| 875 | credere se quemquam sibi sensum in morte futurum. | that he believes any sensation will remain for him in death. |
| non, ut opinor, id dat quod promittit et unde, | He does not, I think, grant what he professes, nor the basis for it; | |
| nec radicitus e uita se tollit et eicit, | he does not uproot and cast himself out of life entirely, | |
| sed facit esse sui quiddam super inscius ipse. | but, unknowingly, he imagines some part of himself to survive. | |
| uiuus enim sibi cum proponit honio fore ut abs te | For when a living man suggests to himself that after death | |
| 880 | uolucres lacerent in morte feraeque, | birds and beasts will tear his body, |
| ipse sui miseret; neque enim se diuidit illim | he pities himself; for he does not separate himself from that object, | |
| nec remouet satis a proiecto corpore et illum | nor does he sufficiently withdraw from the cast-out corpse; | |
| se fingit sensuque suo contaminat adstans. | he imagines it is he, and standing by, infects it with his own feeling. | |
| hinc indignatur se mortalem esse creatum, | Hence he resents that he was created mortal, | |
| 885 | nec uidet in uera nıorti non fore alium se, | and fails to see that in real death there will be no other self |
| qui possit uiuus statuisti lugeat ipsum | to stand by alive and mourn that he has perished, | |
| stansque peremptum nec laniari mortuaque adstans. | or to stand there and grieve that he is mangled or burned. | |
| nam si in morte nıalumst malis morsuque ferarum | For if in death it is an evil to be mauled by the jaws of beasts, | |
| distractum lacerari, haud uideo qui non sit acerbum | I do not see why it should not be bitter to be laid | |
| 890 | ignibus inpositum torrerier aestu uapore, | upon a funeral pyre and be scorched by the heat of the flames, |
| aut in melle situm suffocari, atque rigere | or to be stifled in honey, or to grow stiff with cold | |
| frigore, cum summo gelidi cubat aequore saxi, | while lying on the surface of a cold slab of stone, | |
| urgerive superne obtritum pondere terrae. | or to be crushed from above by the weight of the earth. | |
| ‘iam iam non domus accipiet te laeta, neque uxor | “Soon no more will a happy home receive you, nor a dear wife | |
| 895 | optima nec dulces occurrent oscula nati | nor sweet children run to snatch the first kisses |
| praeripere et tacita pectus dulcedine tangent. | and touch your heart with silent sweetness. | |
| non poteris rebus seruandis iture, misero | No more will you be able to prosper in your doings, a protection | |
| misere,’ aiunt, ‘omne ademit una dies infesta tibi tot praemia uitae.’ | to your own. Poor wretch,” they say, “one disastrous day has taken | |
| illud in his rebus non addunt: ‘nec tibi earum | all the prizes of life from you.” But they do not add: “And no | |
| 900 | iam desiderium rerum super insidet una.’ | longer does any craving for these things remain with you.” |
| quod bene si uideant animo dictisque sequantur, | If they saw this clearly in their minds and followed it in their words, | |
| dissoluant animi magno se angore metuque. | they would free their souls from great anguish and fear. | |
| ‘tu quidem ut es leto sopitus, sic eris aeui | “You, indeed, as you are now lulled in death, so will you be for the rest | |
| quod superest, nıiseris nıalısque uacuus omnis; | of time, free from all distressing pain; | |
| 905 | at nos horrifico cinefactum te prope busto | but we, by the side of your horrific funeral pyre, |
| insatiabiliter defleuimus, aeternumque | have wept for you inconsolably, and no day | |
| nulla dies nobis nıaerorem e pectore demet.’ | shall ever take the eternal sorrow from our hearts.” | |
| hoc igitur quaerendum est ab isto, quid sit amari | We must ask this man then, what is so very bitter | |
| tantopere, ad somnum si res redit adque quietem, | if the matter returns to sleep and rest, | |
| 910 | cur quisquam aeterno possit tabescere luctu. | that one should pine away in eternal grief. |
| Hoc etiam faciunt ubi discubuere tenentque | This too men often do, when they have sat down to wine and hold | |
| pocula uere umbrant ora coronis, ex animo ut dicant: | the cups, shading their brows with garlands: they say from their hearts: | |
| ‘breuis est hic fructus homullis; iam fuerit | “Brief is this enjoyment for poor men; soon it will be gone, | |
| neque post unquam reuocare licebit.’ | and never after will it be possible to recall it.” | |
| 915 | tanquam in morte mali cum primis hoc sit eorum, | As if in death this were to be the chief of their evils, |
| quod sitis exurat miseros adque arida torreat, | that a parching thirst should burn the wretches, | |
| aut aliae cuius desiderium insideat rei. | or that a craving for any other thing should beset them. | |
| nec sibi enim quisquam tum se uitamque requirit, | For no one then feels the want of himself or of life, | |
| cum pariter mens et corpus sopita quiescunt; | when mind and body alike are lulled in sleep; | |
| 920 | nam licet aeternum per nos sic esse soporem, | for all we care, such sleep might be eternal, |
| nec desiderium nostri nos adtinit ullum. | and no longing for ourselves affects us at all. | |
| et tarnen haudquaquam nostros tunc illa per artus | And yet those atoms are by no means wandering far | |
| longe ab sensiferis primordia motibus errant, | from the sense-bearing motions through our limbs | |
| cum correptus ex somno se colligit ipse. | when a man, startled from sleep, collects himself. | |
| 925 | multo igitur mortem minus ad nos esse putandumst, | Death, therefore, must be thought to concern us much less, |
| si minus esse potest quanı quod nil esse uidemus; | if there can be less than what we see to be nothing; | |
| maior enim turbae disiectus materiai | for a greater scattering of the disordered matter | |
| conseclıitur leto, nec quisquam expergitus exstat, | follows death, and no one wakes and stands forth, | |
| frigida quem semel est uitai pausa secuta. | whom the cold pause of life has once overtaken. | |
| 930 | Denique si uocem rerum natura repente | Suppose that Nature herself should suddenly find a voice |
| mittat et hoc aliquoi nostrum sic increpet ipsa: | and thus herself upbraid one of us: | |
| ‘quid tibi tantopere est, mortalis, quod nıınis aegris | “What ails you so much, mortal, that you surrender | |
| luctibus indulges? quid mortem congemis ac fles? | to such sickly lamentation? Why do you groan and weep at death? | |
| nam si grata fuit tibi uita anteacta priorque | For if your past life has been a boon to you, | |
| 935 | et non omnia pertusum congesta quasi in uas | and all your blessings have not been poured as if into a leaky vessel |
| commoda perfluxere adque ingrata interiere, | and run through and perished unappreciated, | |
| cur non ut plenus uitae conuiua recedis | why do you not retire like a guest sated with the banquet of life | |
| aequo animoque capis securam, stulte, quietem? | and take your rest with a quiet mind, you fool? | |
| sin ea quae fructus cumque es periere profusa | But if the things you have enjoyed are all spilled and gone, | |
| 940 | uitaque in offensost, cur amplius addere quaeris, | and life is a burden, why do you seek to add more, |
| quod nıale recurrat rursumque pereat omne ingratum, | which will again turn out badly and perish unvalued, | |
| nec potius uitae finem facis atque laboris? | and why not rather make an end of life and labor? | |
| nam tibi praeterea quod machiner inueniamque, | For there is nothing else I can devise or find to please you; | |
| quod placeat, nil est: eadem sunt omnia semper. | all things are always the same. | |
| 945 | si tibi non annis corpus iam marcet et artus | Even if your body is not already withered with years and your limbs |
| confecti languent, eadem tarnen omnia restant, | worn out and drooping, yet all things remain the same, | |
| si conuincas omnia saecla uiuendo, | even if you should outlive all generations, | |
| atque etiam potius, si nunquam sis moriturus.’ | and more especially if you were never to die.” | |
| quid respondemus, nisi iustam intendere litem | What can we answer, but that Nature brings a just charge | |
| 950 | naturam et ueram uerbis exponere causam? | and sets forth a true case in her words? |
| grandior hic uero si iam seniorque queratur | But if some older man, advanced in years, should complain | |
| atque obitum nııis infelix nıassertuo lugeat, | and lament his death more than is right, poor wretch, | |
| non merito inclanıet magis et uoce increpet acri? | would she not have even more reason to cry out and upbraid him? | |
| ‘aufer abhinc lacrimas, barathre, et compesce querellas. | “Away with your tears, you rascal, and stint your whines. | |
| 955 | omnia perfunctus uitai praemia marces. | You have enjoyed all the prizes of life, and now you wither. |
| sed quia semper aues quod abest, praesentia temnis, | But because you always crave what is absent and scorn what is present, | |
| inperfecta tibi elapsast ingrataque uita | life has slipped from you incomplete and unappreciated, | |
| et necopinanti mors ad caput adstitit ante | and death has stood at your head before you expected it, | |
| quam satur ac plenus possis discedere rebus. | and before you could depart satisfied and full. | |
| 960 | nunc aliena tua tarnen aetate omnia mitte | Now, however, give up all things that do not fit your age |
| aequo animoque agedum magnis concede: necessest.’ | and with a calm mind come, yield to those greater than you: it must be.” | |
| iure, ut opinor, agat, iure increpet incuseıque; | She would be right, I think, to plead so, right to upbraid and reproach; | |
| cedit enim rern rerum nouitate extrusa uetustas | for the old, thrust out, always gives way to the new, | |
| et aliis aliud reparare energet est; | and one thing must be built up out of another; | |
| 965 | nec quisquam in barathrum nec Tartara nigra nıanditur. | no one is consigned to the pit or black Tartarus. |
| materies opus est ut crescant postera saecla; | Matter is needed so that future generations may grow; | |
| quae tarnen omnia te uita perfuncta sequentur; | yet all these, having finished their life, will follow you; | |
| nec minus ergo ante haec quam tu cecidere, cadentque. | no less than you, they have fallen before, and shall fall hereafter. | |
| sic alid ex alio nunquam desistet oriri | Thus one thing will never cease to rise from another, | |
| 970 | et uita mancipio nulli datur, omnibus usu. | and life is given to no one in fee, to all in usufruct. |
| Respice nııııııııııı quam nil ad nos anteacta uetustas | Look back now and see how the past ages of eternal time | |
| temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nascimur ante. | before we were born have been nothing to us. | |
| hoc igitur speculum nobis natura gerit res | Nature holds this up to us as a mirror of the time | |
| futuri tempore post obitum denique nostrum. | that is to come after our final death. | |
| 975 | num quid horribile adparet? nurn triste uidetur | Does anything horrific appear there? Does it seem gloomy? |
| quicquam? nonne omni somno securius exstat? | Is it not more peaceful than any sleep? | |
| QVAE AD INFEROS DICANTVR EA VITAE VITIA ESSE (977a) | THAT WHICH IS TOLD OF THE UNDERWORLD ARE BUT VICES OF LIFE | |
| 978 | Atque ea nıınis quae cumque Acherunte profundo | And surely those things which are said to be in deep Acheron |
| prodita sunt esse, in uita sunt omnia nobis. | all exist for us in this life. | |
| 980 | nec nıiser inpendens magnum timet aere saxum | No Tantalus, numbed by groundless terror, |
| Tantalus, ut famast, cassa formidine torpens; | fears the great rock hanging in the air, as the story goes; | |
| sed magis in uita diuum metus urget inanis | but rather in life the empty fear of the gods oppresses | |
| mortalis casumque timent, quenı cuique ferat fors. | mortals, and they fear the fall that chance may bring to each. | |
| nec Tityon uolucres ineunt Acherunte iacentem | Nor do birds eat into Tityos as he lies in Acheron, | |
| 985 | nec quod sub magno scrutentur pectore quicquam | nor could they find anything to peer into within his vast breast |
| perpetuam aetatem possunt reperire profecto. | throughout the whole of eternity. | |
| quamlibet immani proiectu corporis exstet, | However immense the projection of his body, | |
| qui non sola nouem dispessis iugera nıembrıs | though he cover not only nine acres with his outspread limbs | |
| optineat, sed qui terrai totius orbem, | but the whole circle of the earth, | |
| 990 | non tarnen aeternum poterit perferre dolorem | yet he could not endure eternal pain, |
| nec praebere cibum proprio de corpore semper. | nor provide food from his own body forever. | |
| sed Tityos nobis hic est, in amore iacentem | But our Tityos is here—he whom, as he lies in love, | |
| quem uolucres lacerant atque exest anxius angor | the birds of passion tear, and whom anxious anguish devours, | |
| aut scindunt uisni officit cuppedine curae. | or whom cares rend with the conflict of desire. | |
| 995 | Sisyphus in uita quoque ante oculos nıobis est | Sisyphus too is before our eyes in this life: |
| qui petere a populo fasces saeuasque secures | he who seeks to win the fasces and savage axes from the people | |
| imbibit et semper uictus tristisque recedit. | and always retires defeated and gloomy. | |
| nam petere inperium quod inanest nec datur unquam, | For to seek power, which is empty and never granted, | |
| adque in eo sumnıııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııııı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|
