വ്യാകരണ ചോദ്യോത്തരം
CATECHISM OF MALAYALAM GRAMMAR BY H. GUNDERT, D. Ph.
REVISED, RE-ARRANGED, ENLARGED, AND TRANSLATED BY L. GARTHWAITE
മലയാള വ്യാകരണ ചോദ്യോത്തരം
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
CANNANORE GOVERNMENT BOOK-DEPOT
1867
A CATECHISM OF MALAYALAM GRAMMAR BY H. GUNDERT, D. Ph.
REVISED, RE-ARRANGED, ENLARGED AND TRANSLATED BY L. GARTHWAITE
വ്യാകരണ ചോദ്യോത്തരം
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
MANGALORE
PRINTED BY PLEBST & STOLZ, BASEL MISSION PRESS
1867
LIST OF ERRATA (ENGLISH.)
- B. It is particularly requested that the following errors may be corrected before the book is used.
This especially necessary in schools.
(Some merely typographical errors of an unimportant nature are not noticed here.)
| Answer | Line | Instead of | Read |
| 86 | 3 | ni | ní. |
| 109 | 13, 14, 15 | kuṭikkavór, kuṭikkava, kuṭikkavír, kuṭikka-vam | kuṭikkuvór, kuṭikku-va, kuṭikkuvír, kuṭikkauvam. |
| 117 | 1 | After crude-forms end-ing in r, ru, zhu | After crude-forms of strong verbs ending in r, ru, zhu. |
| 120 | (question) | Is ‘tu’ affixed to form &c. nasals | Has ‘tu’ ever a nasal prefixed. |
| 121 | 2 | Ending in ‘a’ | Ending in labial ‘a’. |
| 123 | (question) | ra, la, r̥a, zha, ḷa | r, l, r̥, zh, ḷ. |
| 123 | 8 | tín | tin. |
| 123 | 12 | pukaṇṇu (pukaḷnnu) (=spat) | pukaṇṇu (pukaḷnnu) (=praised). |
| 125 | (heading) | [Omit “Weak Verb”]. | |
| “ | “ | [Omit “Strong Verb”]. | |
| 135 | 6 | pulling | putting. |
II ERRATA.
| Answer | Line | Instead of | Read |
| 140 | 5 | ‘varunnu’ | ‘varunna’. |
| 140 | 8 | ‘varunnu’ | ‘varunna’. |
| 147 | 1 | (=ákil) | (=ákil, if I etc. be). |
| 149 | 7 | ákilum (=if I etc. be) | ákilum (=although I etc. be). |
| 157 | page 114 (plu. num.) | 3rd person Mas. | 3rd person Mas. & Fem. |
| 157 | ,, 116 | cheyyáyvu | cheyyá |
| 157 | ,, 116 | 3rd person Mas. | 3rd person Mas. & Fem. |
| 163 | line 5 | Verbal personal noun | Participal noun. |
| 189 | ,, 10 | [Omit “ular (=dry)”]. | |
| 204 | ,, 11 | feed | food. |
| 226 | ,, 7 | (done or suffered) or | done or suffered by, or. |
| 229 | ,, 4 | kollappeṭṭŭ | kollappeṭṭu. |
| 233 | ,, 5 – 6 | [Omit “kaḷichchum puḷachchum irunnu (=they played and amused themselves)”]. | |
| 239 | ,, 36 | here | hither. |
| 243 | ,, 15 | avannu | avannáy. |
| 266 | ,, 14 | her | his. |
| 280 | ,, 7 | conditional | subjunctive. |
| Parsing. | page 138 | kaṇṭu (=having seen) | kaṇṭa (=when they saw). |
| Do. | ,, 288 | agrajan (=elder bro-ther) | agrajan (=the elderbrother). |
| Do. | ,, 288 | verb ‘chonnán’ | verb-predicate ‘chon-nán. |
| Do. | ,, 296 | infinitive of | infinitive verb-predi- |
| Analysis. | ,, 316 | (choll) m | (choll)ám. |
ശുദ്ധപത്രം.
എഴുത്തുപള്ളികളിൽ ൟ പുസ്തകം വായിക്കുന്നതിന്മുമ്പെ താഴെ കാണിച്ച അബദ്ധങ്ങളെ തെററ തീൎക്കേണ്ടത അത്യാവശ്യം.
| ഉത്തരം | മേൽ വരി | അശുദ്ധം | ശുദ്ധം |
| 83 | 13 | അന്തങ്ങൽ | അന്തങ്ങൾ |
| 121 | 1 | വിശേഷാൽ ‘അ’ | വിശേഷാൽ ഓഷ്ഠ്യ ‘അ’ |
| 125 | 1 | അബലം | [എന്നിവയെവ വിടെ ണം] |
| 125 | 6 | ബലം | |
| 158 | 2 | തന്നെ. ഊനക്രിയകൾ | തന്നെ ഊനക്രിയകൾ |
| 189 | 5 | ഉലർ | [എന്നതിനെവിടെണം] |
| 222 | 3 | നാലു | മൂന്നു |
| 233 | 4 | കളിച്ചും പുളച്ചും ഇരുന്നു | [എന്നതിനെവിടെണം] |
| 244 | 8 | ആ | അതുകൊണ്ടു |
| 244 | 9 — 10 | അതുകൊണ്ടു | [എന്നതിനെ വിടെണം] |
| 256 | 8 | ‘പകൽ’ കക്കുന്നവനെ; ‘രാത്രി’ കണ്ടാൽ | ‘പകൽ’ കക്കുന്നവനെ’രാത്രി’ കണ്ടാൽ |
| 269 | — | പകരമായാൻ സഹായമായാൻ | പകരമായ്താൻ സഹായമായ്താൻ |
| 306 | 7 | അനുവാദകാൎത്ഥക ‘ഇ’,’ഉം’ | അനുവാദകാൎത്ഥക ഈ ‘ഉം’ |
IV ശുദ്ധപത്രം.
| ഉത്തരം | മേൽ വരി | അശുദ്ധം | ശുദ്ധം |
| ഭാഗം | |||
| 115ാം ഭാഗം (ബ: വ:) | പു: പ്ര: | പു: സ്ത്രീ: പ്ര: | |
| 117ാം ഭാ: | ചെയ്യായ്വു | ചെയ്യാ | |
| 117ാം ടി | പു: പ്ര: | പു: സ്ത്രീ: പ്ര: | |
| 135ാം ടി | ക്രിയാപരിഛ്ശേദനരീതി | പദപരിഛ്ശേദനരീതി | |
| വ്യാകരിക്കൽ | 139ാം ടി | കണ്ടു | ക’ണ്ട’ |
| ടി | 293ാം ടി | എന്നുള്ളതുതിന്നു ഇകൎമ്മമാകുന്നു | എന്നുള്ളതു ഇതിന്നു കൎമ്മമാകുന്നു |
| ടി | 295ാം ടി | ക്രിയാനാമം ഏ: വ: | ക്രിയാനാമം നപു:ഏ:വ: |
- Complaints have been numerous from both teachers and pupils that the former editions of this grammar were exceedingly difficult to understand. It has therefore been carefully and fully revised, a large part of it re-written, the whole of it re-arranged, and considerable additions have been made, so that it is now almost a new work. Besides this, an explanatory translation has been given. It is hoped that the work as it now stands will be found adapted to use in schools, and that most of the obscurities before complained of will have disappeared. One of the most perplexing of these was the difficulty of determining what were indeclinables (അവ്യയങ്ങൾ) and what were not, on which subject the editor has endeavoured by a rigorous application of the definition to make the doctrine clear. And it may here be stated that the doctrine, on this point, of this smaller grammar is that of Dr. Gundert’s large Grammar, but distinctly stated and strictly carried out. Of course for the work as it now stands, the reviser alone must be considered responsible.
- Those accustomed to the grammars of European tongues only, must remember that Malayálam, belonging to quite another family of languages, must necessarily pre-sent many contrasts to the grammatical systems with which they have hitherto been familiar. The very fact that there are only three parts of speech in the language instead of nine, is one of those contrasts, and the cause1*
of many others still more startling. For the usages by which the language is enabled to dispense with adject-ives and adverbs, the reader may consult among other places the questions on adnounal participles and ques-tions 221 and 238 seqq. and for those by which the want of prepositions and conjunctions is supplied ques-tions 268 and 310 seqq. So in analysing sentences it will be found that the use of nouns and verbs to supply the place of other parts of speech often makes the number of sentences in a Malayálam period greater than it would be in an English period expressing the same ideas, since every verb which has a separate subject, makes a separate sentence, either principal or subordinate. This is the only rule that can be relied on in the analysis of Malayálam sentences. Nor can it be confined as in English, to finite verbs, for the genius of the language tends to long periods in which one solitary finite verb comes at the end only.
- The examples in the original work from their brevity and the ambiguity caused by want of their con-text were often very difficult to translate, and some ren-derings will no doubt be found capable of amendment.
- Many errors escaped notice till it was too late to correct them. These are noticed in the errata, and it is requested that the corrections indicated may be made before the work is used.
A CATECHISMISM OF Malayalam Grammar
- Of how many kinds are the Malayálam letters?
Two, Vowels and Consonants.
a, á, i, í, u, ú, ru, lu, e, é, ei, o, ó, au, am, ah.
The following seven are short vowels: a, i, u, ru, lu, e, o.
- How many of these are long?
The following seven are long: á, í, ú, é, ei, ó, au.
The two long vowels rú, lú occur only in Sanskrit.
മലയാള വ്യാകരണ ചോദ്യോത്തരം
