Preface
The materials for this work have been collected during more than twenty-five years’ study of the language. The words have been taken from all available sources, from the lips of speakers of all ranks, castes and occupations, from the letters and records of many different districts, and from the writers in prose and poetry of every age. A list necessarily imperfect of the literature which has been ransacked for contributions, will be subjoined under the head of Abbreviations.
- It has been found difficult to draw the line of demarcation between Malayālam and Tamil words. These two languages of old differed rather as dialects of the same member of the Dravidian family, than as separate languages; in consequence many Tamil words occur still in local usage (e.g. അച്ചം അട in some of its senses) or in time-honored phrases and formulas (e.g. അനുപ്പുക, അമെയുക, പുരാൻ), which have long ceased to be used in colloquial speech. A consider-able number of such have been received and marked as a M. (ancient Malayālam). They cannot be dispensed with, if the Dictionary is to give a true representation of the history of the language. This history commences for us (if we except a few inscriptions on copper and stone) with the Rāma Charitam, in which we probably have the oldest Malayālam poem still in existence, composed as it was before the intro-duction of the Sanscrit alphabet and deserving of the particular attention of the scholar, as it exhibits the earliest phase of the language, perhaps centuries before the arrival of the Portuguese. For several antiquated words (such as അഴുക, അറം, II. അങ്കി) this poem is the only authority. The bulk of the other great poems, the Bhāratam, Rāmāyanam, and the versions of the Purānas were composed within the two or three last centuries. As these constitute the popular literature of all Malayālam readers, no Dravidian word found in them has been excluded. On the other hand there are many Malayālam composi-tions of later date, especially such as are current among the Vēdāntists, which evidently affect Tamil modes of expression. These have been excluded if not supported by other evidence.
- To determine the amount of Sanscrit words to be received into a Malayalam Dictionary has been a task of even greater difficulty. As this Dictionary is not intended for the use of Sanscrit students, the rule followed in compiling it has been to include only those words and meanings that were found in bonâfide Malayālam productions; to sift and reduce the enormous mass of mythological and botanical names and synonyms, many of which are confessedly very doubtful; to record merely the principal signification of words confined to poetical usage; and to devote particular attention only to those terms which are gene-rally accepted as fairly “domiciled” in Malayālam and which have in the course of naturalization received various applications not to be met with in pure Sanscrit (e. g. അന്യായം, അവസരം).
- The idioms and significations peculiar to Southern Kerala or Travancore, have been carefully collected both from the productions of the Cottayam Press, and from the very valuable Dictionaries com-piled by the Portuguese and Italian Missionaries of Verapoli; works which, although completed in 1746, rest upon materials accumulated in the 17th, perhaps even 16th century, and rank as the oldest monu-ment extant of the study of Indian languages by Europeans. (They are marked in the Dictionary V1. & V2.). Still greater care has been bestowed upon the language of Northern Kerala or Malabar proper (with the Bēkal Talook of Canara); and explanations of the histori-cal names, castes and dynasties (comp. അകത്തൂടു, അടിയോടി, അമ്മാമൻ, അല്ലൂർ, അവരോധം, അസ്ഥിക്കുറെച്ചി) and of the institutions, usages and traditions, by which this province differs so singularly from the surrounding countries (see for instance, അങ്കം, അടിമ, അനുഭവം, അപരാധം) have been drawn from every trustworthy source. Amongst the sources for this kind of information I would particularly point out the old Tellicherry Records (TR.) as conveying a mass of instruc-tion in the best prose of the language.
- The object being to present a faithful picture of the whole Malayālam tongue, the writer has not felt at liberty to exclude the foreign words which have of necessity crept into the language. The Arabic, Persian, Hindustani, Portuguese and even English terms, which the commerce of centuries and the conquest of foreign creeds and arms with new laws and arts have introduced along this coast, cannot be proscribed, whatever regret their prevalence may excite in the purist. They do not, of course, claim the same minute investi-gation and treatment, which belong to words, whose birthright and position in the language are indisputable. (See for Ar. അള്ള, അമാനം അമീർ, അമ്പർ, അലുവ; for P. അങ്കാമി, അജിമാശി; for H. അമാർ, അമൽ, അമ്പാരി; for Port. അനനാസ്; for E അഫീൽ).
- It is for the same reason, that provincialisms and vulgarisms have not been rejected, though they are pointed out as such (f.i. അംസരം, അനുവാസം under അവസരം, അനുവാദം). To discard coarse and even obscene modes of speech, has not been thought advisable, how-ever much their existence and currency may be regretted. They are marked “obsc.”, as was done by the fathers of Verapoli in their day, that they may be avoided. Under all these heads (§ 2—6) the student will of course have room for candid allowance concerning omissions and superfluities.
- The writer has throughout endeavoured to trace the origin of each word; and particular attention has been paid to the comparison of the cognate Dravidian languages. He has not been successful in every instance (e.g. അഞ്ഞാറ്); sometimes the unimportance of the word, as in the case of provincialisms, prevented him from prosecut-ing his search to the end.
- The arrangement chosen has been, to point out as far as possi-ble the root and origin of each word, to give first its primitive sense and to add the figurative and free senses in a rational order; lastly to illustrate them by examples taken from reliable authorities. The different constructions in which the same word occurs (e.g. അലങ്കരിക്ക), its various applications (e. g. അടങ്ങുക), allusions to the tra-ditions and superstitions of the people (അട്ട, അരണ), standing phrases (അടക്കം, അവസ്ഥ) and proverbial expressions (അട്ടം, അതിബുദ്ധി, അത്യാശ, അൻപു, അമ്പാഴം, അശ്വിനി, അള), these points have been es-pecially considered in selecting the illustrations. The Compounds and Derivatives are arranged under each leading word in alphabetical order, but are not treated at the length that appeared necessary in the case of the parent words.
- The orthography of each word is fixed at the head of the article which treats of it, but in the illustrations deviations are allowed, when they exhibit a current pronunciation (e.g. അടെപ്പു, അടപ്പു), or are borne out by the constant usage of some locality or caste (അമൃതു, അമരേത്തു), or when, as in the case of the numerous Tadbhavams, it is caused by the inequalities of the Sanscrit and Dravidian alphabets (e.g. അത്തം, അത്തി).
- It cannot be expected that the work should be compressed within the same compass as the Rev. Mr. Bailey’s Dictionary. Not that the latter will always be found the more concise of the two. It is one of the chief defects of that, otherwise valuable, work, that it does not discriminate between Malayālam and Sanscrit terms and leaves the student completely in the dark, both as regards the ety-mology and the proportional importance of words. For it concedes to unknown and useless words (e.g. അജശൃംഗി, അമൃണാളം) as well as to those that are comparatively unimportant (as ഇതി, ച) more space, than to words of the genuine native stock that occur frequently in idi-oms of daily current use (e.g. (അടുക്കുന്നു, അല്ല). In consequence it will be found, that the Sanscrit part of the present work (see for instance the compounds with അനു, അപ, അഭി) occupies less space than was the case in the former Dictionary, and this without any detriment to the subject matter. The progress made in the study of Sanscrit subsequent to the appearance of Dr. Wilson’s Dictionary (on which the Sanscrit portion of Mr. Bailey’s work is based) has enabled the writer to throw new light even on this part of his task. On the other hand he has endeavored to condense the matter present-ed into the shortest possible space. What is obvious has been omitted, many secondary words are but slightly noticed and a liberal use has been made of abbreviations. By these means it is possible to publish the whole work in one portable volume; smaller than Rottler’s Tamil or Reeve’s Canarese Dictionary.
- The student may at the beginning be embarassed by some of the abbreviations adopted (for instance √ for root; + plus as in അവൻ, which is composed of അ+അൻ; the figures (2)(3) which point to that signification of the parent word from which the derivative is deducible, (as അകക്കരൾ (3) to അകം 3., the mind). Also the absence of the common signs s., adj. may startle him at first sight. They have been deliberately abandoned. What, for instance, is the use of calling (അചരം an adj., which indeed it is in Sanscrit, when the example subjoined ചരാചരങ്ങൾ shows that in Malayālam it is used as a noun? Or why should അകൃതം be called an adj. and അകൃത്യം a subst, whilst in S. both are equally adjectives and in Malayālam strictly speaking both are nouns, though poetical usage may treat them more or less as adjectives. Can the indefinite Numerals, such as അനേകം, അസാരംbe called adjectives, or have composition-cases like അകത്തേ a claim to that name? It seems to be of more moment to show by examples, how the words are applied, than to pretend to classify them by the utterly incongruous nomenclature of the grammar of European languages. Where doubts might arise, the gender, which in most cases is recognizable by the termination, will be found marked, as അമ്പലവാസി m.,— സിനി f.; അഴകൻ m., അഴകി f. Butsince Malayālam grammar acknowledges only the distinctions of Nouns, Verbs and In-declinables, the Verb seems to be the only part of speech which re-quires specifying marks. This has been amply done by the abbrevi-ations a. v.=active verb, n. v.= neuter verb, CV.= Causal Verb, den V.= denominative Verb, defV.= defective Verb, (for instance ഉള്ളു), adj. V.= adjectival Verb (as അരു, ഇള), aux. V.= auxiliary Verb (f.i. ഇടുക), as also by marking its parts (past, 1st and 2nd fut., inf., conditional, adj. and adv. participle, VN.=Verbal Noun, etc.).
- An undertaking of this magnitude cannot lay claim to any-thing like perfection as regards either completeness or correctness. But the writer conceives, that a publication of the kind is a desider-atum in Malabar, and that this attempt at supplying it will be found serviceable to the cause of education in that province. Should it one day be superseded by a work approaching nearer to the standard he has had in view, he hopes that he will be found to have at least furnished a stock of valuable materials, that will under all circum-stances render to his successors a not unwelcome assistance in their toilsome task, in the same way that he in his has received aid from the accumulated labours of his predecessors.
NOTES BY THE PUBLISHER.
| 1. The Transliteration, adopted for the leading words upon Dr. Lepsius’s system, is mainly given to assist European students of the language, who may feel the need of such a help. This system follows the pronunciation and is fully explained under the head “Trans-literation”. Foreign words are usually trans-literated in their original shape.
2. Sanscrit Roots. It is necessary to make a few remarks regarding the form of the Sanscrit roots and words which are given in this Dictionary. In the South of India the Grammar of Pāṇini is alone studied, and it is indeed the greatest work on Sanscrit Grammar, but roots and words are not always given here in the forms which a student of Pāṇini would expect. In every grammar it is necessary to adopt some conventional way of indicating the changes that roots and words formed from them undergo, and for this purpose there is in Pāṇini’s Grammar an elaborate apparatus of letters added to roots, and which are called anubandha, and even letters which form part of the root itself are arbitrarily changed. So we find in the Dhātu-pāṭha (or list of roots) šṭhā for sthā, and hṛṅ for hṛ. The Grammars of Vopadēva, šāka-ṭāyana etc. have a totally different set of such letters, Philologists in Europe have found that it is an improvement to change the Indian sys-tem in some respects, and the authors of the St.Petersburg Dictionary * of Sanscrit, which is by far the best and most complete, have adopted this view. Philologists have come to the conclusion that the vowels ṛ, ṝ and ḷi are not primitive, so |
in this Dictionary Dr. Gundert generally gives words according to this view as adopted by the authors of the St. Petersburg Dictio-nary. The roots which end in the above vowels will here be found ending in r, e.g. d ṛ is given as dar; d h ṛ as dhar; h ṛ as har. So also the numerous nouns signifying an agent which end in ṛ would here be given as ending in ar; e.g. kartṛ as kartar. So also diphthongs which terminate roots in the dhātupāṭha are considered as secondary, and thus instead of gai we find gā; and sā instead of sō. Natives of India who consult Dr. Gundert’s work must not be led away by the idea that the only right or possible ways of representing Sans-crit roots and words are those which Indian Grammarians have found convenient. A little experience will convince them that the contrary is the case.
3. The Dravidian element in Sanscrit. A number of words apparently of Sanscrit origin have, on closer examination, turn-ed out to be merely sanscritized Dravidian words. The author of this Dictionary, in a German paper on this subject, has pointed out* many such words e.g. kēyūram, putraṅ, markaḍam, viraḷam, etc. Their reception and especially that of puttaɤam into Sans-crit may, as the author observed, be considered a strong proof of a once flourishing literary period in the Deccan, whenever that time may have been.—Sometimes the words or roots of both languages coincide, without however justi- |
| * Sanscrit Wŏrterbuch von Bŏhtlingk & Roth. | * See also an article by the Rev. F. Kittel in the Indian Antiquary, August 1872. p. 235.
B |
NOTES BY THE PUBLISHER.
| fying the prima facie conclusion that the one has borrowed from the other. Further, words commonly taken as Dravidian, will be found to have been imported; doubts regarding the origin of others are still entertained. The study and comparison of the Dravidian tongues, though at present carried on by a very few only, will, it is hoped, result in throwing more light on this in-teresting subject.
4. In the arrangement of the Al-phabet a slight but rational deviation, affecting the sequence of 2 letters, has been found necessary, viz: a) ക്ഷ, being a compound letter (= ക+ഷ) and consequently akin to ക്ര etc., has been plac-ed under and at the end of ക. –b) റ follows half r (1), which partakes of the ര & റ sounds, comp. വേർതിരിക്ക, വേൎത്തിരിക്ക, വേറുത്തിരിക്ക. 5. The long vowels ē (േ) and ō (േ-ാ) have been used consistently throughout the Dictionary in order to put an end to doubt and vagueness. Their general introduction into writing and printing is highly desirable. 6. Regarding the doubling of con-sonants in Malayāḷam composition, some diffi-culties were experienced. a) In Malayāḷam Compound Nouns, as a rule, the consonant is doubled after the long vowels ā, ī, ū, ē, ei, palatal a, i, full u, the final consonants r, l, ḷ,ḻ , after m dropped in Mal. or Sanscr, Nouns (മരത്തോപ്പു M., ഭസ്മക്കൊട്ട S. and M.). It occurs often after short pure a, seldom after ụ, fluctuates with i, e.g. വഴിക്കേടു and വഴികേടു (മുനിപ്പെരുമാൾ, ബുദ്ധിതിരക്കു S. and M.) even after dropped m, e.g. അകതാർ, is often optional after final consonants, e.g. തട്ടിന്മേൽ കളി, മുൾചെടി etc., not observed in കൈകാൎയ്യം etc. b) In Compounds of Nouns and verbs, e.g. മതിപോരുക, കൈതൊഴുക, reduplication is not required; it may however occur after Accusatives; with some adverbial participles |
as e.g. തങ്ങളെക്കൊണ്ടു, എന്നെച്ചൊല്ലി etc. it cannot be spared.
c) In Compounds of Verbs with Verbs redu-plication is necessary after the Infinitive, e.g. വെളുക്കത്തേച്ചു and the past tense in i, e.g. തിക്കിത്തിരക്കി etc. In the case of ആയി the metre decides it, e.g. p. 127 ഉണ്ണിത്വമായിക്കഴിയും, p. 153 ഊഴരായിചെന്നു (=യ്. യ്ച) etc. These rules and their exceptions, as set forth by the author of this Dictionary in his Malayā-ḷam Grammar (see Sandhi § 87, Samāsarūpam §§ 162 – 169) and sanctioned by the language, have, in all doubtful cases, been the guides of the readers of the proofs who are acquainted with North & South Malayāḷam. 7. A complete list of Abbreviations of grammatical and technical terms, works of re-ference, etc. is given separately. Besides these recourse has been had to 4 modes of shortening words in quotations, viz: a) A fullstop after the first syllable implies the whole word which, in this case, is not affected by affixes, Sandhi, etc., e.g. ബുദ്ധിമോ.(ശം), ന.(ടപ്പു)കടിയാന്മാർ, ശ.(ക്തി)ക്കടുത്ത, വാ.(യു)വിന്റെ, വ.(ടിവു)മാനാൻ, വി.(രുതു)ം, വി.(രുതു)ടയ, വ.(രിക)യില്ല etc. b) An apostrophe (‘) after the first syllable points to the omission of one or more letters in the body of the word, e.g. മോ'(ക്ഷ)ത്തെ, മോ'(ക്ഷ)ങ്ങൾ, അ'(ഭ്യാസ)വും, വി’ (ശ്രമി)ച്ചാൻ, വീ'(ളു)വാൻ, വേ'(ർവിടു)ന്നില്ല, വി'(ശ്വൈക)നാഥൻ etc. c) The dash(—) marks the omission of either the first member of a compound, e.g. പഞ്ഞി: –ക്കുരു = പഞ്ഞിക്കുരു, or of the last one, e.g. പാല: ദേവ – = ദേവപാല etc. d) A dash (—), hyphen (-) or ellipsis (…) in a quotation shows that a word or words have been omitted. 8. The virāma (˘) indicates: a) That the consonant over which it is plac-ed is to be pronounced without any vowel |
NOTES BY THE PUBLISHER.
| after it, e.g., കീഴ്, ശുഭ്. It is used also to indicate an arbitrary division of words in a sentence which would otherwise be written continuously, e.g. തരളം p. 432 പരബ്രഹ്മത്തോട് ഒന്നിച്ച് അദ്വൈതമായി reads: പരബ്രഹ്മത്തോടൊന്നിപ്പദ്വൈതമായി. This is done for the convenience, of the reader.
b) To show the real and accurate pronun-ciation of the half u as ụ. It is used also where by the ordinary orthography this is improperly written as a, e.g. where അവൎക്ക instead of അവൎക്കു is found, we write അവൎക്ക്. 9. The mark of quotation (“ ”) either points to a literal meaning, ƒ.i. p. 991 വേതാണ്ഡം “bather’, or to a word received into Eng-lish, ƒ.i. “godown” fr. കിടങ്ങു etc. 10. The different species of animals, plants etc. which come under the same genus in Mala-yāḷam are mostly to be found under the leading word, see ƒ. i. II, മാൻ, ചിറാക, താളി, വണ്ടി, വസൂരി, etc. some of these for linguistic or other reasons may appear under the qualifying word which forms the first member of the compound, ƒ.i. വെള്ളപ്പച്ച. Parts of plants etc. are enumerated under their respective leading words, see ƒ. i. വാഴ, തുലാം etc., and are besides to be found separately. Certain Compounds, which are not to be found under the ƒirst word, should be looked for under the second, ƒ.i. സൂചിമെതിയടി is to be found under മെതിയടി, ചിത്തരംഗം under അരംഗം, ഉപവീതം under വീതം etc.—Moreover less common Sanscrit words compounded with one or more prefixes may be found under the simpler words: അവ്യാഹൃതം under വ്യാഹൃതം, അതിസമ്മോദം under സമ്മോദം, സവിസ്മിതം under വിസ്മിതം, സുവ്രതികൻ under വ്രതികൻ, etc. |
Again regarding a number of Sanscrit compounds, ƒ.i. വി–ദ്രുമം, വി–പ്ര–ലംബം etc. additional in-formation may be gathered by referring to the simple word.
11. It need scarcely be said that, in seeking for certain compounds under their leading words, care must be taken to find out the proper one, ƒ.i. whether മനശ്ശില belongs to മനസ്സു, മന, or മനം, വെള്ളെഴുത്തു to വെള്ളം or വെള്ള, ആട്ടുകൊറ്റൻ to ആടു or ആട്ടു etc. In fact every leading article should be read through whenever the Dictionary is consulted. By doing this the student will soon be able to find each word in its appointed place, ƒ.i. V.N.വെപ്പു and CV. വെപ്പിക്ക under വെക്ക, the v. a കഴിക്ക and അടെക്ക under കഴിയുക and അടയുക, നിറെക്ക under നിറ etc., the v. n. നിറക്ക under നിറം, നിറയുക, under നിറ etc. Matter, which may be omitted in the alphabetical list subjoined to leaders will be found under their definition. This way of using the Dictionary recommends itself also on other grounds. Hints thrown out here and there in the Dictionary are intended to foster a spirit of enquiry. 12. The Appendix furnishes supple-mentary matter in alphabetical order. Though the Publisher as well as the Editor, the Rev. E. Diez, Palghaut, and their respective native assistants have spared no pains to render the book as correct as possible, yet on account of the complicated nature of the work, the typographical difficulties, the distance of the Editor from the Press, and the delay in obtaining information from the author, now in Germany, on doubtful points, a number of errors have crept into the print, which have also been noticed in the Appendix, for the most part from notes furnished by the author. |
TRANSLITERATION
following Lepsius’s Standard Alphabet, 2nd Edition 1863, 2nd postscript.
a Vowels. (§ § 10-85)1)
| അ | a | as a in about | എ | e | as ea in head | ||
| ആ | ấ | „ a „ far | ഏ | ē | „ ea „swear | ||
| ഇ | i | „ i „ pin | ഐ | ei,ai | M. | as ei in height | |
| ൟ | ī | „ i „ police | ai,ei | s. | as ai in kaiser | ||
| ഉ | u 2) „ u „ full | ഒ | o | as o in collect | |||
| ഊ | ū | „ u „ rule | ഓ | ō | „ o „vote | ||
| ഋ | ṛ | vocalized r | ഔ | au | „ ou „ house | ||
| ൠ | ṝ | do. ṝ | lengthened | അം | aṃ | „ um „ fulcrum | |
| ഌ | ḷi | vocalized l | അഃ | aḥ,aഃ | vocalized h | ||
| ൡ | ḷī | do. l | lengthened |
- Consonants. (§ § 36–68)
- a. Initial.3)
| ക | ka | as ka in kalendar | ധ | dha | the same aspirated |
| ഖ | kha | the same aspirated | ന | na | the true dental na |
| ഗ | ga | as ga in gallon | പ | pa | as pa in parental |
| ഘ | gha | the same aspirated | ഫ | pha | the same aspirated |
| ങ | ṅa | as ñg in singing | ബ | ba | as ba in balloon |
| ച | ča | as cha in chapter | ഭ | bha | the same aspirated |
| ഛ | čha | the same aspirated | മ | ma | as ma in maternal |
| ജ | ĵa | as ja in Japan | യ | ya | as ya in yahoo (German j) |
| ഝ | ĵh | the same aspirated | ര | ra | a palatal r |
| ഞ | ṅa | as nya in banyan | റ | ŕa | a cerebral r (German r) |
| ട | ṭa | the cerebral ta | ല | la | as la in laborious |
| ഠ | ṭha | the same aspirated | വ | va | „ va in variety (soft English v) |
| ഡ | ḍa | the cerebral da | ശ | ša | a palatal sh |
| ഢ | ḍha | the same aspirated | ഷ | ša | a cerebral sh (English sh) |
| ണ | ṇa | the cerebral na | സ | sa | as sa in salute |
| ത | ta | the true dental ta | ഹ | ha | „ ha in harangue |
| ഥ | tha | the same aspirated | ള | ḷa | a cerebral l |
| ദ | da | the true dental da | ഴ | ḻa | a cerebro–palatal l |
1) The §§ refer to Dr. Gundert’s large Malayāḷam Grammar, Mangalore 1868.
2) [ụ marks final half u in most Dravidian words, many foreign words & Tadbhavas (difft, is e.g. സസു) § 17].
3) See the remarks on each letter. c — e refer chiefly to the 5 Vargas ക ച ട ത പ; the 6th Varga (റ) is treated farther on, From a — e ക ച ടത പ are pronounced as surd explosives.
TRANSLITERATION.
- Final.
| ൿ k | ൺ ṇ | ൻ ń | മ്= ം m | ൕ y | ർ r | ൽ l | ൾ ḷ | ഴ് ḷ 1) |
c.Followed by a Consonant.
| ക്ത kta | ക്വ kva | ക്ഷ kša | ഗ്ന gna | ഗ്ധ gdha |
| ച്യ čya | ച്ശ്ര ččhra | ഛ്ശ ččha | ജ്ഞ jṅa | ജ്ഝ jjha |
| ത്ഥ ttha | ത്ഥ്യ tthya | ത്ന tna | ദ്ധ ddha | ധ്ന dhna |
| പ്ത pta | പ്ല pla | ബ്ദ bda | ബ്ര bra | |
| ല്ബ lba | ശ്ച šča | സ്ക ska | ഷ്ക ška etc |
| [യ്ക്ക yka | ൾ്ക്ക ḷka | ഴ്ക്ക ḷക | (യ്ക yɤ | ല്ക lɤa | ൾ്ക lɤa | ഴ്ക ḻɤa.] |
- Doubled.
| 2) ക്ക kka | ങ്ങ ṅṅa | ||
| ച്ച čča | ജ്ജ jja | ഞ്ഞ ṅṅa | |
| ട്ട ṭṭa | ഡ്ഡ ḍḍa | ണ്ണ ṇṇa | |
| ത്ത tta | ദ്ദ dda | ന്ന nna & ńńa 3) | |
| പ്പ ppa | ബ്ബ bba | മ്മ mma | etc. 4) |
- Following r (1). 5)
| ൎക്ക rka | ൎഗ്ഗ rga | ൎച്ച rča | ൎജ്ജ rĵa | ൎണ്ണ rṇa | |
| ൎത്ത rta | ൎദ്ദ rda | ൎന്ന rna | ൎപ്പ rpa | ബ്ബ rba | etc. |
- Combined with Nasals. ( § § 83, 84) 6)
| ങ്ക ṅga | (ംഖ ṅkha | ംഗ ṅġa | ഞ്ച ṅĵ | (ഞ്ഛ ṅċha) |
| ഞ്ജ ṅĵ | ണ്ട ṇḍa | ണ്ഡ ṇḍa | ന്ത nda | |
| ന്ദ nďa | മ്പ mba | ൻപ ńba | ംബ mḃa |
- Between 2 Vowels. (§ § 36-48) 7)
| ka ɤa | ഗ ġa | ച ĵa (ša) | ജ ĵa | ട ḍa | ഡ ḍa | |
| ത ḋa | ദ ďa | പ ba | ബ ḃa | |||
| കൃ ɤr | ഗൃ ġr | ജൃ ĵr | തൃ ơṛ | ദൃ ḋṛ | പൃ bṛ | ബൃ ḃṛ |
2) Where ക്ക, ച്ച, ത്ത, പ്പ have originated from euphony (§ 87), they are represented as single letters, f.i. ചവക്കയ് čava-kāy; (different is അപ്പുറം etc.).
3) For the difference of nna & ńńa see farther on.
4) Final സ്സു (സ്സ്) is often rendered s.
5) These under the influence of r, are pronounced somewhat harder than initials, yet the single consonant suffices for transcription. (Comp. Sanscr. അൎകetc.; exceptions e.g. കാൎത്തിക etc.).
6) ക ച ട ത പ are pronounced here as sonant explosives &:
7) As fricatives. About the Dravidian n (ൻ) see foll. b.
TRANSLITERATION.
- Peculiarities.
- ൽ, besides expressing final l, serves also for Sanscrit ത് t, which in Malayā-ḷam is pronounced l, f.i. in ഉൽ, തൽ, മൽ etc.; അത്ഭുതം, ഉത്സാഹം, താൽപൎയ്യം, ചമൽകാരം, ഗല്ഗദം, etc. (These are in Sanscrit čamat-kära, gadgaďa, etc.).
- ന & ൻ. The Malayāḷam has two different n, viz: the true dental ന (4th Varga) and the Dravidian (dento-gingival) ൻ (6th Varga, page 523). The distinct pronunciation of both is still in use, but not nowadays, (as is the case with the Tamil), the consistent writing of the characters representing it.
The dental ന(n) occurring as initial and combining with the Dentals (nd, nth, nď, ndh) is unmarked; but dental ന്ന (originating from ൻ+റ, see 523, & ന്ത) is marked by a grave accent (ńń), Both have dental pronunciation. 1)
The Dravidian ൻ(ń), besides being final (ń), combines with റ in ന്റെ ńďē (Gen. Sing), sometimes with പ in ൻപ (also written മ്പ) ńba, with മ in (Plur.) ന്മാർ ńmār (=ൻമാർ), or it results from the phonetic change of ൽ(ല് & ത്) before മ 523, and, in contradistinction to n combining with Dentals, this n is marked by a grave accent and pronounced dento-gingivally.
As this ൻ preponderates between vowels it has been left unmarked in transcrip-tion; all such n & nn (without the grave accent) point therefore to ൻ, ൻൻ and are pronounced accordingly. 2)
- റ (6th Varga) has three different pronunciations.3)
- റ doubled (റ്റ) is marked ťťa (resembling tt in utter),
- combined with ൻ (ന്റ) is marked ńďa (resembling nd in binder),
- initial and medial റ is marked ŕ.
2) So Dat. & Acc, of നുവക § 113 ff.
3) “The pronunciation of the letter റ” in റ്റ & ന്റ “contains so little of the r-sound, that — “we now prefer, with Dr. Gundert, to give to these new sounds a new diacritical sign, preserving “the necessary basis of t & d, and to write ẗ & ď.” (Lepsius, 318), റ്റ has semi-dental, ന്റ dento- gingival pronunciation.
ABBREVIATIONS.
| ab. | above. | BhadrD. Bh.D | Bhadra Dīpam, or Bhadra Dīpa-pratišṭa. |
| Abl. | Ablative (case). | ||
| abr. | abridged. [lute manner. | Bhg. | Bhāgavatam. |
| abs. | the case absolute, or in an abso- | Bhg V. | Bhāgavata Vyākhyānam. |
| abstr.N. | abstract Noun. | Bhr. | Mahābhāratam. |
| aC. | ancient Canarese. | BR.(BalR.) | Bāla Rāmāyaṇam. |
| acc. | according to | Brhm P. | Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇam. |
| Acc | Accusative (case). | Buch. | Buchanan J : a journey through Mysore, etc. London 1807, 3 Vol. |
| A. D. | Anno Domini (the Christian era). | ||
| adj. | adjective. | C. | Canarese (tongue). |
| adj.P. | do. Participle. | c. | case. |
| adv., advl. | adverb, adverbial | Cal. | Calicut. |
| adv. P. | adverbial Participle. | Cal. KU. | Calicut Kēraḷa Utpatti. |
| Adw. | Adwaitam. | Can. | Cannanore. |
| Adw. S. | Adwaita Shatakam. | Carṇāmṛ. | Kŗšṇa-, or Rāma-Karṇāmṛtam. |
| AK. | gnāna Kuṭhāram. (Cottayam). | Cart V. | Kārtavīryārjuna Katha. |
| al. | alias, otherwise, elsewhere. | CatR. | Catechismus romanus, Rome. |
| a M. | ancient Malayāḷam. | caus | causal. |
| Amara S. (K.) | Amara Simham (Kōšam). | CC., (CCh.) | Cṛšṇa Charitam. |
| a med. | ancient Medical Treatises in prose. | cfr. | confer = compare. |
| Anach. | Anācharam | CG. | Cṛĭṇa Gātha. |
| Anj. | Anjaḍі (poem). | Cheṙ. | Chēṙa-nāḍụ. |
| a N. pr. | Nomen proprium, a proper name. | Chin. | Chinese (tongue). |
| Арр. | Appendix. | Ċhintar. | Chintā-ratnam. |
| AR. | Adhyātma Rāmāyaṇam. | Chint. R. (ChR) | Chintāmani Ratnam. |
| Ar. | Arabic (tongue). [yam 1851. | Chir. doc. | Chiracal documents. |
| Arb. | Arbuthnot A. J., Selections. Cotta- | Christ. | Christian. |
| Arch. | Architecture. | ChS. | Chalana Shāstram. |
| arith. | arithmetic, arithmetical. | ChVr. | Chaturdaša vŗttam. |
| Asht. | Ašṭānga Hṛdayam. | Coch KM. | Cochi Këraḷa Māhātmyam. |
| astrol. | astrology. | Co. KN. | Cōlattiri Kēraḷa Nāṭakam. |
| astr(on.). | astronomy. | Col. | Cōla-nāḍụ. |
| aT. | ancient Tamil. | coll. T. | colloquial Tamil. |
| auxV. | auxiliary verb. | com. | commonly. |
| B. | Bailey B.: Mal.-Engl. Dict. 1846. (& Scripture Transl.). | comp. | compare, comparison. |
| Compr. | Comparative. | ||
| bef. | before. | Cond. | Conditional. |
| bel. | below. | contr. | contracted. |
| Beng. | Bengali (tongue). | corr. | corrupted, corruption. |
XVI ABBREVIATIONS.
| correl | correlative. | fr. | from. |
| Срds. | Compounds. | freq V. | frequentative Verb. |
| CrArj. | Cṛšṇārjuna Yuddham. | fut. | future tense. |
| CrР. | Cṛši Pāṭṭụ (about agriculture). | G. | Greek (tongue). |
| CS. | Kaṇacku Sāram. | Gan. | Ganita shāstram. |
| Cur. | Curian G.: an Essay on the Mal. Syr. Church etc., Cottayam 1872. | Ge. | German (tongue). |
| gen. | generally. | ||
| CV. | Causal Verb. (Madras 1863. | Gen. | Genitive (case). |
| D. | Day F, the Land of the Perumals, | Genov. | Genovefa (Rom. Cath. poem). |
| Dalkh. | Dakhāni (tongue). | Ger. | Gerund (gram.). |
| Dat. | Dative (case). | GnP. | Gnāna-pāna. |
| def V. | defective Verb. | Gōṇḍ | (a Dravidian language). |
| den V. | denominative Verb. | Govt. | Government. |
| der. | derivative. | GP. | Guṇa-pāṭham, Cottayam. |
| desid. | desiderative (verb etc.) | gram.(m). | grammar, grammatical term. |
| dict. | dictionary. | H. | Hindustāni (tongue). |
| difft. | different. | Heb. | Hebrew (tongue). [pany. |
| dim. | diminutive (noun). | H. C. | The Honorable East India Com- |
| distr. | distributive. | HNK. (НК.) | Harināma Kīrtanam. |
| DM. | Dēvi Māhātmyam. | hon. | honorary, honorific. |
| DN. | Damayantī Nāṭakam. | Hor. (HV.) | Hōrā Vyākhyānam. |
| doc. | document, documental. | Hung. | Hungarian (tongue). |
| Drav. | Dravidian. | huntg. | hunting. |
| E. | English; East (region). | Hyd. | Hyder Ali. |
| EM. | Ēkādaŝi Māhātmyam. | id. | idem = the same. |
| emph. | emphatic, emphatically. | i. e. | id est=that is. |
| EP. | Eli Pāṭṭụ (about cats & rats). | imit. | imitative (sound). |
| epist | epistolary (style). | imp. (impeṛs.) | impersonal. |
| Eṙ. | Eṙa-nāḍụ. | Imper. | Imperative. |
| esp. | especially. | indef. | indefinite. |
| Esthn. | Esthonian (tongue). | Inf. | Infinitive. |
| euph | euphemistic. | Interj. | Interjection. |
| Eur | Europe, European. | insсr. | inscription. |
| ex | example. | Instr. | Instrumental (case). |
| expl. | an expletive or expletively. | Intens. | Intensive. |
| f. | feminine gender. | inter. | interrogative. |
| f. i. | for instance. | intr. | intransitive. |
| fig | figuratively. | i. q. | id quod=the same as. |
| Finn. | Finnic (languages). | J. | Jerdon C.T.: the Birds of India Calcutta 1862, 2 Vol. |
| foll. | following. | Jew. Doc. | Jewish Documents. |
| Fr. | French (tongue). | jud. | judicial papers. |
ABBREVIATIONS. XVII
| Kaḍ. | Kaḍattuwa-nāḍụ. | Nom. | Nominative (case). |
| KeiN. | Keivalya Navanītam. | NS. | Nyāya Shāstram. |
| KM. | Kēralḷa Māhātmyam. | obj. | objective. |
| KN. | Kēraḷa Nāṭakam [ki’s Rām.). | obl. | oblique case. |
| KR. | Kēraḷa Varma Rāmāyaṇam(Vālmī- | obs. | obsolete. |
| KU. | Kēraḷa Utpatti. | obsc. | obscene. |
| KumK | Kumārāharaṇa Katha. | Onap. | Ōṇa Pāṭṭụ. |
| L. | Latin (tongue) | Onamat. | Onamatopœia (limitation of sound). |
| lit. | literally. | opp. | opposite. |
| loc. | Locative (case). | P. | Persian (tongue). |
| LPS. | Laxmī Pārvatī Samwādam. | Palg. | Palghaut (district). |
| M. | Malayāḷam (tongue). | Palg. exh. | do. exhibition 1867. |
| m. | masculine gender. | part. | participle. |
| Mahr. | Mahrathi (tongue). | pass. | passive. |
| Mal. | Malabar (country). | Pat R. | Pātāḷa Rāmāyaṇam. |
| Malap. | Malapuṙam (place). | Pay. | Payanūr Pāṭṭụ. |
| Malay. | Malayan (tongue). | phil | philosophy. |
| Mantr. | A collection of Mantrams. | pl. | plural (number). |
| math. | mathematics. | pleon. | pleonastic. |
| MC. | Mṛga Charitam (Cottayam). | Plin. | Pliny. |
| med. | medical, medicinal | po. | poetic usage. |
| met. | metaphorically. | Port. | Portugueso (tongue). |
| milit. | military. [mams. | pos. | positive (opp. negative; degree). |
| MM. | Marmamaṇy, old treatise on Mar- | p.p. | participle of the perfect passive (S.). |
| mod. | modern. [Day.) | PP. | Puttan Pāna, Cottayam 1844. |
| Mo. Pra. | Mōxadāyaka Prakaraṇam. (Mox. | PR. | Praṡna Rīti. |
| Mpl. (Mapl.) | Mappiḷḷās, Malabar Mohammedans. | PrC. | Prahlāda Charitam. |
| MP. (Matsy.). | Matsya Purāṇam. (1856.) | prec. | preceding. |
| MR. | Collect Ch., Malayāḷam Reader. | prep. | preposition. |
| Ms., MSS. | Manuscript, Manuscripts. [tram). | pres | present tense. |
| Mud. | Mudrarāxasam (Chāṇakya Sū- | prh. | perhaps. |
| myth. | mythology, mythological. | prob. | probably. |
| Nal. | Naḷa Charitam. | pron. | pronoun. |
| Nasr. | Nasrāṇis. | prov. | proverbs, proverbial. |
| N. | Name, Noun, North. | PT. | Panchatantram, in 2 versions. |
| n. | neuter gender; negative. | Ptol. | Ptolomy. |
| neg. | negative. | q.v. | quod vide=which see. |
| Neg V. | Negative Verb. | RamK. | Rāma Katha. |
| Nid. | Nidānam, Cottayam. | RC. | Rāma Charitam. |
| N.N. | Name and surname. | Rel. Part., Pron. | Relative Participle, Pronoun. |
| No., NoM. | North, North Malabar. | rev., Rev. | revenue papers, revenue term. |
XVIII ABBREVIATIONS.
| Rh. | Rheede’s hortus malabaricus, 1689. | TR. | Tellicherry Records (chiefly A.D. 1796-1799). |
| Rom. Cath. | Roman Catholic. | ||
| RS. | Rāmāyaṇa Sankīrtanam. | tr. | transitive. |
| S. | Sanscrit; South (region). | Trav. | Travancore (country). |
| Sah. | Sahadēva Vākyam. | TrP. | Tiruwanantapura Panchāngam. |
| Sah.M. | Sahya Māhātmyam. | ||
| Sancr. | Sankrānti Māhātmyam. | Tu. | Tuḷu (tongue). |
| Sank. Ach. | Shankara Āchārya’s history(prose). | Turk. | Turkish (tongue). |
| Scr. | Scriptural (Bible). | UmV. | Umēšāna vṛttam. |
| SG. | Santāna Gōpālam (2 versions). | UR. | Uttara Rāmāyaṇam. |
| ShV. | Shabari Vākyam. [etc.). | v. | verb. |
| sic | =thus (so met with in Granthams | v. a. | active verb. |
| SidD. | Siddhānta Dīpika. | v. i. | intransitive verb. |
| Sil. | Shīlavati Pāṭṭụ. [ prefixes. | v. int. | intensive verb. |
| simpl. | simple, i.e. verbor Noun without | v. iter. | iterative verb. |
| sing. | singular (number). | v.n. | neuter verb. |
| Si Pu. (SP.) | Shiva Purāṇam. | V. part. | Verbal participle. |
| SiR. | Shiva-rātri Māhātmyam. | v. t. | transitive verb. |
| Sit Vij. | Sītā Vijayam. | V. | verapoly dictionaries. |
| Sit Vṛtt. | Sītā Vṛttam. | V1. | the 1st part, Mal. & Port. |
| Sk. | Skāndam purāṇam. | V2. | the 2nd part, port. & Mal. |
| Soc. | Social (case). | VCh. | Veirāgya chandrōdayam. |
| So. Can. | South Canara. | Ved. | the Vedic language. |
| So. & So M. | South, South Malabar. | Ved (t). D. | Vēdānta Daršanam. |
| Som. | Sōmavāra-Pāṭṭụ. | Vednt. | Vēdānta treatise. |
| Som. Mah. | Sōmavāra Māhātmyam. | Vetc. (VC.) | Vētāḷa Charitam. [ers). |
| SSh. | Shilātāmra Shāsanaṅgal. | VeY. | Vēḍāyuddham (a poem about hunt- |
| Stuti | different Stutis of Gods. | Vilvp. | Vilva Purāṇam. |
| Such. Mah. | Shuchīndra Māhātmyam. | VivR. | Vivāda Ratnākaram. |
| Superl. | Superlative. | VN. | Verbal Noun. |
| superst. | superstition. | Voc | Vocative (case). |
| Sr., Swarg. | several Swargārōhaṇam. | vu. | vulgar. |
| Swarg Kaly. | Swargārōhṇa Kalyāṇam. | VyM. | Vyāvahāra Māla. |
| Syr. | Syrian (tongue). | VyP. | Vyākaraṇa Pravēšam. |
| T. | Tamil (tongue). | W. | Wilson’s Vocabulary of Indian terms; West (region). |
| t. | tense. | ||
| Talip. | Taḷipaṙambu (district). | Winsl. | Winslow. Tam.-Engl. Dict. (1862). |
| Tantr. | Tantra-sangraham. | 5. | the five Dravidian languages: Ta-mil, Telugu, Ċanarese, Tuḷu and Malayāḷam. |
| Tatw. | Tattwa-gnānam. | ||
| Tdbh. | Tadbhavam. | ||
| Te. | Tẹlugu (tongue). | 4. | four of id. (with the exception of the one given). |
| Tell. | Tellicherry (district). | √ | Root. |
| temp. | temporal. | – l – | repetition of the preceding word. |
| Ti. | Tīppu Katha. | Numbers after words refer to the pages of the Dictionary. | |
| TP. | Tachōḷi Pāṭṭụ. |
A MALAYALAM AND ENGLISH DICTIONARY.
