{"id":84,"date":"2026-05-12T21:30:54","date_gmt":"2026-05-12T20:30:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-twenty-five\/"},"modified":"2026-05-18T10:16:18","modified_gmt":"2026-05-18T09:16:18","slug":"lesson-twenty-five","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-twenty-five\/","title":{"raw":"LESSON TWENTY FIVE","rendered":"LESSON TWENTY FIVE"},"content":{"raw":"

LESSON TWENTY FIVE<\/h1>\nWritten Style<\/b>\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nLesson 25 introduces the Written Style<\/b> of Malayalam. As discussed in the introduction to this course, Malayalam exhibits a significant diglossia between the spoken and written registers. While the previous twenty-four lessons focused primarily on the spoken language and its regional and communal variations, this lesson focuses on the formal register used in literature, news media, and public discourse. This style is characterized by a higher degree of Sanskritization, the use of full verb endings, and a specialized vocabulary suited for formal description and advertisements.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n

Lesson 25 Vocabulary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\nAdvertisement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d06\u0d35\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nWanted \/ Is needed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37<\/td>\nApplication<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24<\/td>\nQualification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d36\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d02<\/td>\nSalary<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d09\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d46<\/td>\nImmediately \/ At once<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo send<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d32\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo get \/ To obtain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\nAge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\nWork experience<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nHas been fixed \/ decided<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo inform<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d28\u0d02<\/td>\nNotification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c<\/td>\nThose who are interested<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n

Reading Practice<\/h3>\nThe following items illustrate the graphic patterns and formal suffixes characteristic of the written register, particularly the use of Sanskritized clusters and formal verb endings.\n
    \n \t
  • \u0d06\u0d35\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (Wanted): Common in newspaper advertisements to indicate a vacancy or need.<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> (Requesting\/Applying): Shows the use of the full present tense ending (-\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41) rather than the spoken (-\u0d23\u0d4d).<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c<\/b> (Those who are interested): A formal way of addressing a specific group of readers or applicants.<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/b> (Should be sent): Illustrates the formal imperative\/obligative form used in instructions.<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/b> (Will be given): Formal future assertive form used in official promises or statements.<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (To those who have experience): Shows the dative case applied to a complex noun phrase.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n

    Lesson 25 Text: Written Style<\/h3>\nMalayalam Transcription<\/b> \u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33 \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \"\u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d16 \u0d15\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d35\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d15\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d2f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d38\u0d4d.\u0d0e\u0d38\u0d4d.\u0d0e\u0d7d.\u0d38\u0d3f. \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d1f\u0d48\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d48\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d17\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d17\u0d23\u0d28 \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d36\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d38\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2b\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7c\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d38\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15. \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d08 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d32\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02.\"\n\nEnglish Translation<\/b> An advertisement that appeared in the Malayala Manorama is given below: \"Clerks are wanted in a leading company. Applicants must be under twenty-five years of age. At minimum, they must have passed S.S.L.C. Preference will be given to those with experience in typewriting. Salary will be fixed according to qualifications. Those interested should apply immediately along with copies of certificates. Applications must be received at the office before the 30th of this month.\"\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n

    Grammar Note 25.1: Complement of Result Clauses<\/h3>\nThe written style frequently utilizes result clauses to show the logical consequence of a preceding action or condition.\n
      \n \t
    1. The Marker \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (atuko\u1e47\u1e6du):<\/b> The most common way to form a result clause is by using the marker \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d, meaning \"therefore\" or \"because of that.\"<\/li>\n \t
    2. Placement:<\/b> The result clause typically follows the clause containing the cause.<\/li>\n \t
    3. Formal Connectives:<\/b> In very formal writing, other markers like '\u0d2b\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f' (as a result) may also be used.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nExample Sentences:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d32\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. (He has work experience. Therefore, he got the job.)\n\n\u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d48\u0d15\u0d3f. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. (There was a delay in sending the application. As a result, [they] did not call for the interview.)\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n

      Grammar Note 25.2: Common Titles in Modern Kerala Life<\/h3>\nIn formal writing and social interactions, titles are used to denote caste, religion, and professional status. The following table identifies common surnames and titles used in Kerala.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Title (Malayalam)<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish Equivalent\/Usage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d7c<\/td>\nNayar<\/td>\nHindu (Nayar caste) surname.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b<\/td>\nMenon<\/td>\nHindu (Nayar sub-caste) surname.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33<\/td>\nPillai<\/td>\nHindu (Nayar sub-caste) surname common in the south.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f<\/td>\nNambudiri<\/td>\nHindu (Brahmin caste) title.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f \/ \u0d15\u0d41\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/td>\nVarkey \/ Kurian<\/td>\nCommon Christian male names used as titles\/surnames.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d38\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c<\/td>\nMusaliar<\/td>\nMuslim religious\/social title.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7c<\/td>\nPanikkar<\/td>\nHindu title often associated with specific professional castes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nCultural Context:<\/b> These titles traditionally reflected the communal identity of the individual. In the written style, especially in formal letters or news reports, individuals are often referred to by these titles (e.g., \"\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b\" - Mr. Menon) to maintain professional distance and respect.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n

      Grammar Note 25.3: Characteristics of Written Style in Malayalam<\/h3>\nWritten Malayalam (\u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d36\u0d48\u0d32\u0d3f) is distinct from spoken varieties in several key ways:\n
        \n \t
      • Verb Endings:<\/b> The written style uses the full ending -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> (-nnu) for the present tense, whereas spoken Malayalam often uses the contracted -\u0d23\u0d4d<\/b> (-\u1e47u). (e.g., \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 vs. \u0d35\u0d30\u0d23\u0d41\/\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d).<\/li>\n \t
      • Vocabulary Choice:<\/b> A much higher percentage of Sanskrit-derived words (Tatsamas) are used. For example, instead of the spoken \"\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d\" (name), the formal \"\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d02\" may be found in literary contexts, or \"\u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\" (qualification) in official ones.<\/li>\n \t
      • Absence of Contractions:<\/b> The elisions and assimilations common in rapid speech (like '\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46' becoming '\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d') are strictly avoided.<\/li>\n \t
      • Formal Style Markers:<\/b> Written Malayalam is the standard for news broadcasting and advertisements. It seeks to be a \"neutral\" variety that transcends the communal (Christian, Hindu, Muslim) and regional markers found in spoken dialects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n

        Lesson 25 Exercises<\/h3>\nExercise 1: Vocabulary Match<\/b> Match the Malayalam formal terms to their English meanings:<\/b>\n
          \n \t
        1. \u0d36\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d02 (a) Application<\/li>\n \t
        2. \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 (b) Qualification<\/li>\n \t
        3. \u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24 (c) Age<\/li>\n \t
        4. \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d02 (d) Salary<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nExercise 2: Sentence Transformation<\/b> Convert the following spoken-style sentences into the formal Written Style by using the full verb endings:<\/b>\n\nModel:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (Spoken) -> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (Written)\n
            \n \t
          1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n \t
          2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n \t
          3. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nExercise 3: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/b> Translate the following into the formal written register:<\/b>\n
              \n \t
            1. Send the application immediately.<\/li>\n \t
            2. The salary is fixed.<\/li>\n \t
            3. He has no work experience.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nExercise 4: Comprehension<\/b> Read the advertisement in the Lesson 25 text and answer the following:<\/b>\n
                \n \t
              1. \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d? (In which newspaper did the ad appear?)<\/li>\n \t
              2. \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d15\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d35\u0d2f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02? (How old should the applicants be?)<\/li>\n \t
              3. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 \u0d32\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d? (When should the application be received?)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------","rendered":"

                LESSON TWENTY FIVE<\/h1>\n

                Written Style<\/b><\/p>\n

                ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                Lesson 25 introduces the Written Style<\/b> of Malayalam. As discussed in the introduction to this course, Malayalam exhibits a significant diglossia between the spoken and written registers. While the previous twenty-four lessons focused primarily on the spoken language and its regional and communal variations, this lesson focuses on the formal register used in literature, news media, and public discourse. This style is characterized by a higher degree of Sanskritization, the use of full verb endings, and a specialized vocabulary suited for formal description and advertisements.<\/p>\n

                ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                Lesson 25 Vocabulary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\nAdvertisement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d06\u0d35\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nWanted \/ Is needed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37<\/td>\nApplication<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24<\/td>\nQualification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d36\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d02<\/td>\nSalary<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d46<\/td>\nImmediately \/ At once<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo send<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d32\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo get \/ To obtain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\nAge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\nWork experience<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nHas been fixed \/ decided<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo inform<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d28\u0d02<\/td>\nNotification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c<\/td>\nThose who are interested<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                Reading Practice<\/h3>\n

                The following items illustrate the graphic patterns and formal suffixes characteristic of the written register, particularly the use of Sanskritized clusters and formal verb endings.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \u0d06\u0d35\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (Wanted): Common in newspaper advertisements to indicate a vacancy or need.<\/li>\n
                • \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> (Requesting\/Applying): Shows the use of the full present tense ending (-\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41) rather than the spoken (-\u0d23\u0d4d).<\/li>\n
                • \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c<\/b> (Those who are interested): A formal way of addressing a specific group of readers or applicants.<\/li>\n
                • \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/b> (Should be sent): Illustrates the formal imperative\/obligative form used in instructions.<\/li>\n
                • \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/b> (Will be given): Formal future assertive form used in official promises or statements.<\/li>\n
                • \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (To those who have experience): Shows the dative case applied to a complex noun phrase.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                  Lesson 25 Text: Written Style<\/h3>\n

                  Malayalam Transcription<\/b> \u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33 \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. “\u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d16 \u0d15\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d35\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d15\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d2f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d38\u0d4d.\u0d0e\u0d38\u0d4d.\u0d0e\u0d7d.\u0d38\u0d3f. \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d1f\u0d48\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d48\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d17\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d17\u0d23\u0d28 \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d36\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d38\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2b\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7c\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d38\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15. \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d08 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d32\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02.”<\/p>\n

                  English Translation<\/b> An advertisement that appeared in the Malayala Manorama is given below: “Clerks are wanted in a leading company. Applicants must be under twenty-five years of age. At minimum, they must have passed S.S.L.C. Preference will be given to those with experience in typewriting. Salary will be fixed according to qualifications. Those interested should apply immediately along with copies of certificates. Applications must be received at the office before the 30th of this month.”<\/p>\n

                  ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                  Grammar Note 25.1: Complement of Result Clauses<\/h3>\n

                  The written style frequently utilizes result clauses to show the logical consequence of a preceding action or condition.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. The Marker \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (atuko\u1e47\u1e6du):<\/b> The most common way to form a result clause is by using the marker \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d, meaning “therefore” or “because of that.”<\/li>\n
                  2. Placement:<\/b> The result clause typically follows the clause containing the cause.<\/li>\n
                  3. Formal Connectives:<\/b> In very formal writing, other markers like ‘\u0d2b\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f’ (as a result) may also be used.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Example Sentences:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d32\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. (He has work experience. Therefore, he got the job.)<\/p>\n

                    \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d48\u0d15\u0d3f. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. (There was a delay in sending the application. As a result, [they] did not call for the interview.)<\/p>\n

                    ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                    Grammar Note 25.2: Common Titles in Modern Kerala Life<\/h3>\n

                    In formal writing and social interactions, titles are used to denote caste, religion, and professional status. The following table identifies common surnames and titles used in Kerala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    Title (Malayalam)<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish Equivalent\/Usage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d7c<\/td>\nNayar<\/td>\nHindu (Nayar caste) surname.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b<\/td>\nMenon<\/td>\nHindu (Nayar sub-caste) surname.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33<\/td>\nPillai<\/td>\nHindu (Nayar sub-caste) surname common in the south.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f<\/td>\nNambudiri<\/td>\nHindu (Brahmin caste) title.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f \/ \u0d15\u0d41\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/td>\nVarkey \/ Kurian<\/td>\nCommon Christian male names used as titles\/surnames.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d38\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c<\/td>\nMusaliar<\/td>\nMuslim religious\/social title.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7c<\/td>\nPanikkar<\/td>\nHindu title often associated with specific professional castes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    Cultural Context:<\/b> These titles traditionally reflected the communal identity of the individual. In the written style, especially in formal letters or news reports, individuals are often referred to by these titles (e.g., “\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b” – Mr. Menon) to maintain professional distance and respect.<\/p>\n

                    ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                    Grammar Note 25.3: Characteristics of Written Style in Malayalam<\/h3>\n

                    Written Malayalam (\u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d36\u0d48\u0d32\u0d3f) is distinct from spoken varieties in several key ways:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Verb Endings:<\/b> The written style uses the full ending -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> (-nnu) for the present tense, whereas spoken Malayalam often uses the contracted -\u0d23\u0d4d<\/b> (-\u1e47u). (e.g., \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 vs. \u0d35\u0d30\u0d23\u0d41\/\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d).<\/li>\n
                    • Vocabulary Choice:<\/b> A much higher percentage of Sanskrit-derived words (Tatsamas) are used. For example, instead of the spoken “\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d” (name), the formal “\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d02” may be found in literary contexts, or “\u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24” (qualification) in official ones.<\/li>\n
                    • Absence of Contractions:<\/b> The elisions and assimilations common in rapid speech (like ‘\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46’ becoming ‘\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d’) are strictly avoided.<\/li>\n
                    • Formal Style Markers:<\/b> Written Malayalam is the standard for news broadcasting and advertisements. It seeks to be a “neutral” variety that transcends the communal (Christian, Hindu, Muslim) and regional markers found in spoken dialects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                      Lesson 25 Exercises<\/h3>\n

                      Exercise 1: Vocabulary Match<\/b> Match the Malayalam formal terms to their English meanings:<\/b><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. \u0d36\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d02 (a) Application<\/li>\n
                      2. \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 (b) Qualification<\/li>\n
                      3. \u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24 (c) Age<\/li>\n
                      4. \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d02 (d) Salary<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Exercise 2: Sentence Transformation<\/b> Convert the following spoken-style sentences into the formal Written Style by using the full verb endings:<\/b><\/p>\n

                        Model:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (Spoken) -> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (Written)<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                        2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                        3. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Exercise 3: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/b> Translate the following into the formal written register:<\/b><\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Send the application immediately.<\/li>\n
                          2. The salary is fixed.<\/li>\n
                          3. He has no work experience.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Exercise 4: Comprehension<\/b> Read the advertisement in the Lesson 25 text and answer the following:<\/b><\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d? (In which newspaper did the ad appear?)<\/li>\n
                            2. \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d15\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d35\u0d2f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02? (How old should the applicants be?)<\/li>\n
                            3. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 \u0d32\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d? (When should the application be received?)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":32,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-84","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":161,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84\/revisions\/161"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=84"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=84"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=84"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=84"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}