{"id":80,"date":"2026-05-12T21:28:44","date_gmt":"2026-05-12T20:28:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-23-kerala-temple-festivals-unicode-transcription\/"},"modified":"2026-05-18T10:16:18","modified_gmt":"2026-05-18T09:16:18","slug":"lesson-23-kerala-temple-festivals-unicode-transcription","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-23-kerala-temple-festivals-unicode-transcription\/","title":{"raw":"Lesson Twenty three: Kerala Temple Festivals \u2013 Unicode Transcription","rendered":"Lesson Twenty three: Kerala Temple Festivals \u2013 Unicode Transcription"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Lesson 23: Kerala Temple Festivals \u2013 Unicode Transcription<\/h1>\n<h2>1. Lesson Metadata and Header<\/h2>\n<ul>\n \t<li><b>Source Material:<\/b> <i>Malayalam: A University Course and Reference Grammar<\/i> by Rodney F. Moag<\/li>\n \t<li><b>Lesson Title:<\/b> Lesson 23: Kerala Temple Festivals<\/li>\n \t<li><b>Print Page References:<\/b> 351\u2013369<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>2. Lesson 23 Vocabulary List<\/h2>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\n<td>Transliteration<\/td>\n<td>English Definition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>utsavam<\/td>\n<td>festival (usually of a temple)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>pooram<\/td>\n<td>a type of temple festival (common in central Kerala)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d35\u0d47\u0d32<\/b><\/td>\n<td>vela<\/td>\n<td>a local temple festival (common in Palakkad\/Thrissur)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\n<td>ezhunnallathu<\/td>\n<td>ceremonial procession (of a deity or dignitary)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d06\u0d28<\/b><\/td>\n<td>aana<\/td>\n<td>elephant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>nettippattam<\/td>\n<td>decorative gold-plated head-cover for elephants<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d32\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>ambalam<\/td>\n<td>temple<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>kshethram<\/td>\n<td>temple (formal\/Sanskritized)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>vaadyam<\/td>\n<td>musical instrument \/ percussion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d33\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>melam<\/td>\n<td>percussion ensemble \/ traditional orchestra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>panchavaadyam<\/td>\n<td>traditional orchestra of five instruments<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\n<td>vedikkettu<\/td>\n<td>fireworks display<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d3f<\/b><\/td>\n<td>thaalappoli<\/td>\n<td>ritual procession of women carrying lamps and flowers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d06\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\n<td>aanappurathu<\/td>\n<td>on the back of an elephant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\n<td>kaanaan<\/td>\n<td>to see (infinitive of purpose)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d30\u0d38\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>rasam<\/td>\n<td>interest \/ fun \/ pleasure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\n<td>koodaan<\/td>\n<td>to join \/ to gather<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>3. Reading Practice (Page 351)<\/h2>\n<b>\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/b> <b>\u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d02<\/b> <b>\u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d7e<\/b> <b>\u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d33\u0d02<\/b> <b>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d02<\/b> <b>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> <b>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30<\/b> <b>\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b> <b>\u0d06\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> <b>\u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30<\/b>\n<h2>4. Lesson 23 Conversation: 'Kerala Temple Festivals'<\/h2>\n<b>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a, \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? (Bhaskaran: John, have you heard about the festivals of Kerala?)\n\n<b>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d09\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d4d, \u0d24\u0d43\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d36\u0d42\u0d7c \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d30\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. (John: Yes, I\u2019ve heard a lot about Thrissur Pooram. I heard it\u2019s very interesting to see.)\n\n<b>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. (Bhaskaran: Yes. For the Pooram, you can see a procession of about thirty elephants. All the elephants will be wearing gold head-ornaments.)\n\n<b>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d06\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d47\u0d15\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47? (John: There will be an umbrella exchange on top of the elephants, right? Isn't that a specialty of the Pooram?)\n\n<b>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d06\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b? (Bhaskaran: Yes. Panchavadyam and fireworks are very important for the Pooram. There is a 'Vela' here next week. Can we go?)\n\n<b>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d24\u0d40\u0d7c\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d35\u0d47\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d33\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b? (John: Certainly. There will be elephants and percussion ensembles for the Vela too, won't there?)\n\n<b>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47 \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. (Bhaskaran: There will be. But there won't be a procession as big as the Pooram. Still, it\u2019s good to see.)\n<h2>5. Lesson 23 Grammar Notes<\/h2>\n<h3>23.1 Three Negative Prefixes<\/h3>\nIn Malayalam, especially in words borrowed from Sanskrit, negation can be expressed by prefixes. There are three primary negative prefixes:\n<ol>\n \t<li><b>\u0d05- (a-):<\/b> This is the most common prefix added to words starting with a consonant.\n<ul>\n \t<li>\u0d28\u0d40\u0d24\u0d3f (justice) \u2192 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d40\u0d24\u0d3f (injustice)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d36\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f (purity) \u2192 \u0d05\u0d36\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f (impurity)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02 (ordinary) \u2192 \u0d05\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02 (extraordinary)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li><b>\u0d05\u0d7b- (an-):<\/b> This variant is used before words beginning with a vowel to prevent hiatus.\n<ul>\n \t<li>\u0d06\u0d36 (hope) \u2192 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d36 (hopelessness\/despair - though <i>niraasha<\/i> is more common)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d10\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (unity) \u2192 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d48\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (disunity)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li><b>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c- \/ \u0d28\u0d3f- (nir- \/ ni-):<\/b> This prefix often signifies \"without\" or \"devoid of.\"\n<ul>\n \t<li>\u0d27\u0d28\u0d02 (wealth) \u2192 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d28\u0d7b (one without wealth\/poor man)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (luck) \u2192 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (misfortune)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d26\u0d2f (mercy) \u2192 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d2f\u0d02 (mercilessly)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>23.2 Summing Up on Conditional Sentences<\/h3>\nThis section provides a comprehensive review of conditional structures introduced in earlier lessons (specifically Lessons 14 and 22).\n<ul>\n \t<li><b>The Positive Conditional (-\u0d06\u0d7d):<\/b> Formed by adding <i>-aal<\/i> to the past stem. It denotes \"if.\"\n<ul>\n \t<li>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7d (If it rains)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d (If he comes)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li><b>The Negative Conditional (-\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d):<\/b> Formed by adding <i>-illenkil<\/i> to the verb stem. It denotes \"if not\" or \"unless.\"\n<ul>\n \t<li>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d (If it doesn't rain)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d (If you don't come)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li><b>The \"Even If\" Construction (-\u0d06\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02):<\/b> Adding <i>-aalum<\/i> to the past stem denotes \"even if\" or \"although.\"\n<ul>\n \t<li>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (Even if it rains)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>23.3 Emphasis Using the Citation Form of the Verb<\/h3>\nTo provide strong emphasis on the action itself, the citation form (infinitive in -aan) of the verb is placed at the beginning of the clause, followed by the inflected form of the same verb. This is often translated as \"As for [verb]ing...\" or \"He <i>did<\/i> [verb].\"\n<ul>\n \t<li><b>\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. (As for going, he went \/ He <i>did<\/i> go.)<\/li>\n \t<li><b>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. (As for seeing, I saw \/ I <i>did<\/i> see it.)<\/li>\n \t<li><b>\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (As for giving, he gave \/ He <i>did<\/i> give it.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>23.4 Kerala Temple Festivals<\/h3>\nCultural context is provided for <i>Utsavam<\/i>, <i>Pooram<\/i>, and <i>Vela<\/i>. While <i>Utsavam<\/i> is a general term for temple festivals lasting several days, <i>Pooram<\/i> and <i>Vela<\/i> are specific to certain regions (Central Kerala). The festivals are characterized by:\n<ul>\n \t<li><b>Percussion (Melam):<\/b> Use of Chenda and Ilathalam.<\/li>\n \t<li><b>Panchavadyam:<\/b> An orchestra consisting of five instruments (Madhalam, Edakka, Thimila, Ilathalam, and Kombu).<\/li>\n \t<li><b>Elephant Processions:<\/b> Elephants are central, decorated with <i>Nettippattam<\/i> (gold head-coverings), <i>Venchamaram<\/i> (yak-tail fans), and <i>Alavattam<\/i> (peacock-feather fans).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>23.5 Compound Verb Signifying Agreement or Probability<\/h3>\nThe auxiliary verb <b>\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02<\/b> (aayirikkanam), derived from <i>aayi<\/i> + <i>irikkanam<\/i>, indicates a high degree of probability or a strong deduction by the speaker.\n<ul>\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. (He must be at home \/ He is probably at home.)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d06\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. (That must be an elephant.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>23.6 Deferential Agreement with -\u0d13-\u0d33\u0d3e!<\/h3>\nThe suffix <b>-\u0d13-\u0d33\u0d3e!<\/b> (occasionally <i>-oola<\/i> or <i>-o-la<\/i>) is an archaic or highly formal\/deferential marker of agreement used when responding to a superior. It is most commonly found today in historical dramas, literature, or in very specific traditional households. It functions as a polite \"I shall do so\" or \"Yes, indeed.\"\n<ul>\n \t<li>\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4b! \/ \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02-\u0d13\u0d33\u0d3e! (I shall do it, sir\/madam.)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02-\u0d13\u0d33\u0d3e! (I shall come, sir\/madam.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Lesson 23 Exercises<\/h2>\n<h3>Exercise 1: Substitution Drill<\/h3>\n<b>Model: \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b> (There will be a procession of elephants for the Pooram.)\n<ol>\n \t<li>\u0d35\u0d47\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d <b>\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d33\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d <b>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d <b>\u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d7e<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d <b>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d3f<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d <b>\u0d12\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 2: Negative Prefix Transformation<\/h3>\nApply the appropriate negative prefix (\u0d05-, \u0d05\u0d7b-, or \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c-) to the following words:\n<ol>\n \t<li>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d02 (order) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d05\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d02<\/b>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d06\u0d26\u0d30\u0d02 (respect) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d05\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d30\u0d02<\/b>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d17\u0d41\u0d23\u0d02 (quality\/benefit) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d17\u0d41\u0d23\u0d02<\/b>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d38\u0d2d\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (decency) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d05\u0d38\u0d2d\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d27\u0d28\u0d02 (wealth) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d28\u0d7b<\/b>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d38\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (truth) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d05\u0d38\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 3: Conditional Sentence Transformation<\/h3>\nCombine the two sentences using the conditional <b>-\u0d06\u0d7d<\/b> (-aal).\n\n<b>Model: \u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u2192 \u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b>\n<ol>\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d06\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d13\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d06\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d13\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d36\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d36\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 4: Negative Conditional Transformation<\/h3>\nChange the following into negative conditional sentences using <b>-\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/b> (-illenkil).\n\n<b>Model: \u0d28\u0d40 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02. \u2192 \u0d28\u0d40 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b>\n<ol>\n \t<li>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 5: Verbal Emphasis Drill<\/h3>\nRewrite the sentences using the citation form for emphasis.\n\n<b>Model: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u2192 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f.<\/b>\n<ol>\n \t<li>\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. \u2192 <b>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u2192 <b>\u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u2192 <b>\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41. \u2192 <b>\u0d15\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 6: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/h3>\n<ol>\n \t<li>If you go to the temple, you can see the percussion ensemble. <b>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>He must be at the festival ground now. <b>\u0d05\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7e \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>Even if it rains, the fireworks will be there. <b>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>As for reading, I have read that book. <b>\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d06 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li>Despair is the opposite of hope. <b>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d36 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d36\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>7. Pressbook Formatting &amp; Copy-Ready Blocks<\/h2>\n<h3>Key Vocabulary for Pressbook Integration<\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Malayalam<\/td>\n<td>English<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Elephant head-ornament<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Traditional five-instrument orchestra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>Ceremonial procession<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>Fireworks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d3f<\/td>\n<td>Ritual lamp procession<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Grammar Highlight: Conditional Structures<\/h3>\n<b>Usage Note:<\/b> The conditional suffix <b>-\u0d06\u0d7d<\/b> attaches to the past stem of the verb.\n<ul>\n \t<li><i>Vannu<\/i> (came) \u2192 <i>Vannaal<\/i> (if [someone] comes)<\/li>\n \t<li><i>Poyi<\/i> (went) \u2192 <i>Poyaal<\/i> (if [someone] goes)<\/li>\n \t<li><i>Kandu<\/i> (saw) \u2192 <i>Kandaal<\/i> (if [someone] sees)<\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h1>Lesson 23: Kerala Temple Festivals \u2013 Unicode Transcription<\/h1>\n<h2>1. Lesson Metadata and Header<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Source Material:<\/b> <i>Malayalam: A University Course and Reference Grammar<\/i> by Rodney F. Moag<\/li>\n<li><b>Lesson Title:<\/b> Lesson 23: Kerala Temple Festivals<\/li>\n<li><b>Print Page References:<\/b> 351\u2013369<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>2. Lesson 23 Vocabulary List<\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\n<td>Transliteration<\/td>\n<td>English Definition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>utsavam<\/td>\n<td>festival (usually of a temple)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>pooram<\/td>\n<td>a type of temple festival (common in central Kerala)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d35\u0d47\u0d32<\/b><\/td>\n<td>vela<\/td>\n<td>a local temple festival (common in Palakkad\/Thrissur)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\n<td>ezhunnallathu<\/td>\n<td>ceremonial procession (of a deity or dignitary)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d06\u0d28<\/b><\/td>\n<td>aana<\/td>\n<td>elephant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>nettippattam<\/td>\n<td>decorative gold-plated head-cover for elephants<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d32\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>ambalam<\/td>\n<td>temple<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>kshethram<\/td>\n<td>temple (formal\/Sanskritized)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>vaadyam<\/td>\n<td>musical instrument \/ percussion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d33\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>melam<\/td>\n<td>percussion ensemble \/ traditional orchestra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>panchavaadyam<\/td>\n<td>traditional orchestra of five instruments<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\n<td>vedikkettu<\/td>\n<td>fireworks display<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d3f<\/b><\/td>\n<td>thaalappoli<\/td>\n<td>ritual procession of women carrying lamps and flowers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d06\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\n<td>aanappurathu<\/td>\n<td>on the back of an elephant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\n<td>kaanaan<\/td>\n<td>to see (infinitive of purpose)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d30\u0d38\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\n<td>rasam<\/td>\n<td>interest \/ fun \/ pleasure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\n<td>koodaan<\/td>\n<td>to join \/ to gather<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>3. Reading Practice (Page 351)<\/h2>\n<p><b>\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/b> <b>\u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d02<\/b> <b>\u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d7e<\/b> <b>\u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d33\u0d02<\/b> <b>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d02<\/b> <b>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> <b>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30<\/b> <b>\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b> <b>\u0d06\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> <b>\u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30<\/b><\/p>\n<h2>4. Lesson 23 Conversation: &#8216;Kerala Temple Festivals&#8217;<\/h2>\n<p><b>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a, \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? (Bhaskaran: John, have you heard about the festivals of Kerala?)<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d09\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d4d, \u0d24\u0d43\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d36\u0d42\u0d7c \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d30\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. (John: Yes, I\u2019ve heard a lot about Thrissur Pooram. I heard it\u2019s very interesting to see.)<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. (Bhaskaran: Yes. For the Pooram, you can see a procession of about thirty elephants. All the elephants will be wearing gold head-ornaments.)<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d06\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d47\u0d15\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47? (John: There will be an umbrella exchange on top of the elephants, right? Isn&#8217;t that a specialty of the Pooram?)<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d06\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b? (Bhaskaran: Yes. Panchavadyam and fireworks are very important for the Pooram. There is a &#8216;Vela&#8217; here next week. Can we go?)<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d24\u0d40\u0d7c\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d35\u0d47\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d33\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b? (John: Certainly. There will be elephants and percussion ensembles for the Vela too, won&#8217;t there?)<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47 \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. (Bhaskaran: There will be. But there won&#8217;t be a procession as big as the Pooram. Still, it\u2019s good to see.)<\/p>\n<h2>5. Lesson 23 Grammar Notes<\/h2>\n<h3>23.1 Three Negative Prefixes<\/h3>\n<p>In Malayalam, especially in words borrowed from Sanskrit, negation can be expressed by prefixes. There are three primary negative prefixes:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>\u0d05- (a-):<\/b> This is the most common prefix added to words starting with a consonant.\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d28\u0d40\u0d24\u0d3f (justice) \u2192 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d40\u0d24\u0d3f (injustice)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d36\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f (purity) \u2192 \u0d05\u0d36\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f (impurity)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02 (ordinary) \u2192 \u0d05\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02 (extraordinary)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0d05\u0d7b- (an-):<\/b> This variant is used before words beginning with a vowel to prevent hiatus.\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d06\u0d36 (hope) \u2192 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d36 (hopelessness\/despair &#8211; though <i>niraasha<\/i> is more common)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d10\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (unity) \u2192 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d48\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (disunity)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c- \/ \u0d28\u0d3f- (nir- \/ ni-):<\/b> This prefix often signifies &#8220;without&#8221; or &#8220;devoid of.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d27\u0d28\u0d02 (wealth) \u2192 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d28\u0d7b (one without wealth\/poor man)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (luck) \u2192 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (misfortune)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d26\u0d2f (mercy) \u2192 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d2f\u0d02 (mercilessly)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>23.2 Summing Up on Conditional Sentences<\/h3>\n<p>This section provides a comprehensive review of conditional structures introduced in earlier lessons (specifically Lessons 14 and 22).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>The Positive Conditional (-\u0d06\u0d7d):<\/b> Formed by adding <i>-aal<\/i> to the past stem. It denotes &#8220;if.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7d (If it rains)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d (If he comes)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>The Negative Conditional (-\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d):<\/b> Formed by adding <i>-illenkil<\/i> to the verb stem. It denotes &#8220;if not&#8221; or &#8220;unless.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d (If it doesn&#8217;t rain)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d (If you don&#8217;t come)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>The &#8220;Even If&#8221; Construction (-\u0d06\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02):<\/b> Adding <i>-aalum<\/i> to the past stem denotes &#8220;even if&#8221; or &#8220;although.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (Even if it rains)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>23.3 Emphasis Using the Citation Form of the Verb<\/h3>\n<p>To provide strong emphasis on the action itself, the citation form (infinitive in -aan) of the verb is placed at the beginning of the clause, followed by the inflected form of the same verb. This is often translated as &#8220;As for [verb]ing&#8230;&#8221; or &#8220;He <i>did<\/i> [verb].&#8221;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. (As for going, he went \/ He <i>did<\/i> go.)<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. (As for seeing, I saw \/ I <i>did<\/i> see it.)<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (As for giving, he gave \/ He <i>did<\/i> give it.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>23.4 Kerala Temple Festivals<\/h3>\n<p>Cultural context is provided for <i>Utsavam<\/i>, <i>Pooram<\/i>, and <i>Vela<\/i>. While <i>Utsavam<\/i> is a general term for temple festivals lasting several days, <i>Pooram<\/i> and <i>Vela<\/i> are specific to certain regions (Central Kerala). The festivals are characterized by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Percussion (Melam):<\/b> Use of Chenda and Ilathalam.<\/li>\n<li><b>Panchavadyam:<\/b> An orchestra consisting of five instruments (Madhalam, Edakka, Thimila, Ilathalam, and Kombu).<\/li>\n<li><b>Elephant Processions:<\/b> Elephants are central, decorated with <i>Nettippattam<\/i> (gold head-coverings), <i>Venchamaram<\/i> (yak-tail fans), and <i>Alavattam<\/i> (peacock-feather fans).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>23.5 Compound Verb Signifying Agreement or Probability<\/h3>\n<p>The auxiliary verb <b>\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02<\/b> (aayirikkanam), derived from <i>aayi<\/i> + <i>irikkanam<\/i>, indicates a high degree of probability or a strong deduction by the speaker.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. (He must be at home \/ He is probably at home.)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d06\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. (That must be an elephant.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>23.6 Deferential Agreement with -\u0d13-\u0d33\u0d3e!<\/h3>\n<p>The suffix <b>-\u0d13-\u0d33\u0d3e!<\/b> (occasionally <i>-oola<\/i> or <i>-o-la<\/i>) is an archaic or highly formal\/deferential marker of agreement used when responding to a superior. It is most commonly found today in historical dramas, literature, or in very specific traditional households. It functions as a polite &#8220;I shall do so&#8221; or &#8220;Yes, indeed.&#8221;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4b! \/ \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02-\u0d13\u0d33\u0d3e! (I shall do it, sir\/madam.)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02-\u0d13\u0d33\u0d3e! (I shall come, sir\/madam.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Lesson 23 Exercises<\/h2>\n<h3>Exercise 1: Substitution Drill<\/h3>\n<p><b>Model: \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b> (There will be a procession of elephants for the Pooram.)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d35\u0d47\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d <b>\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d33\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n<li>\u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d <b>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n<li>\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d <b>\u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d06\u0d28\u0d15\u0d7e<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n<li>\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d <b>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d3f<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n<li>\u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d <b>\u0d12\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 2: Negative Prefix Transformation<\/h3>\n<p>Apply the appropriate negative prefix (\u0d05-, \u0d05\u0d7b-, or \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c-) to the following words:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d02 (order) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d05\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d02<\/b>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d06\u0d26\u0d30\u0d02 (respect) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d05\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d30\u0d02<\/b>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d17\u0d41\u0d23\u0d02 (quality\/benefit) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d17\u0d41\u0d23\u0d02<\/b>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d38\u0d2d\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (decency) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d05\u0d38\u0d2d\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d27\u0d28\u0d02 (wealth) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d28\u0d7b<\/b>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d38\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (truth) \u2192 ___________ (<b>\u0d05\u0d38\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 3: Conditional Sentence Transformation<\/h3>\n<p>Combine the two sentences using the conditional <b>-\u0d06\u0d7d<\/b> (-aal).<\/p>\n<p><b>Model: \u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u2192 \u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>\u0d06\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d13\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d06\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d13\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d36\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d36\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 4: Negative Conditional Transformation<\/h3>\n<p>Change the following into negative conditional sentences using <b>-\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/b> (-illenkil).<\/p>\n<p><b>Model: \u0d28\u0d40 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02. \u2192 \u0d28\u0d40 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d28\u0d40 \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>\u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02. \u2192 <b>\u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 5: Verbal Emphasis Drill<\/h3>\n<p>Rewrite the sentences using the citation form for emphasis.<\/p>\n<p><b>Model: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u2192 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f.<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. \u2192 <b>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u2192 <b>\u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u2192 <b>\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>\u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41. \u2192 <b>\u0d15\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 6: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>If you go to the temple, you can see the percussion ensemble. <b>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>He must be at the festival ground now. <b>\u0d05\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7e \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>Even if it rains, the fireworks will be there. <b>\u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>As for reading, I have read that book. <b>\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d06 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>Despair is the opposite of hope. <b>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d36 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d36\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>7. Pressbook Formatting &amp; Copy-Ready Blocks<\/h2>\n<h3>Key Vocabulary for Pressbook Integration<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Malayalam<\/td>\n<td>English<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Elephant head-ornament<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Traditional five-instrument orchestra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>Ceremonial procession<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>Fireworks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d3f<\/td>\n<td>Ritual lamp procession<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Grammar Highlight: Conditional Structures<\/h3>\n<p><b>Usage Note:<\/b> The conditional suffix <b>-\u0d06\u0d7d<\/b> attaches to the past stem of the verb.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Vannu<\/i> (came) \u2192 <i>Vannaal<\/i> (if [someone] comes)<\/li>\n<li><i>Poyi<\/i> (went) \u2192 <i>Poyaal<\/i> (if [someone] goes)<\/li>\n<li><i>Kandu<\/i> (saw) \u2192 <i>Kandaal<\/i> (if [someone] sees)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":30,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-80","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/80","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/80\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":81,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/80\/revisions\/81"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/80\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=80"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=80"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=80"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=80"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}