{"id":78,"date":"2026-05-12T21:27:42","date_gmt":"2026-05-12T20:27:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-22-indefinite-pronouns-and-verbs-of-experience\/"},"modified":"2026-05-18T10:16:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-18T09:16:17","slug":"lesson-22-indefinite-pronouns-and-verbs-of-experience","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-22-indefinite-pronouns-and-verbs-of-experience\/","title":{"raw":"Lesson Twenty two: Indefinite Pronouns and Verbs of Experience","rendered":"Lesson Twenty two: Indefinite Pronouns and Verbs of Experience"},"content":{"raw":"

Lesson 22: Indefinite Pronouns and Verbs of Experience<\/h1>\n

Vocabulary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\nanyone \/ someone (hypothetical)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\nanything \/ something (hypothetical)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\nanywhere \/ somewhere (hypothetical)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\nanytime \/ sometime (hypothetical)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\nsomehow (hypothetical)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b<\/td>\nsomeone (actual\/specific but unknown)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b<\/td>\nsomething (actual\/specific but unknown)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b<\/td>\nsomewhere (actual\/specific but unknown)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d4b<\/td>\nsometime (actual\/specific but unknown)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/td>\nworker \/ laborer (male)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f<\/td>\nworker \/ laborer (female)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/td>\nshopkeeper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/td>\nhouse owner \/ host<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/td>\ncook<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/td>\nhappiness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d38\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d02<\/td>\nsadness \/ grief<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d26\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\nanger<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/td>\nfear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/td>\nhunger<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02<\/td>\nthirst<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nto be \/ to occur \/ to have<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-\u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/td>\nabout to (verb ending)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f \/ \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nadverb marker (as \/ like \/ -ly)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d<\/td>\na little \/ some<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/td>\nabout to come<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/td>\nabout to go<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Reading Practice<\/h2>\n

Group 1: Joining Indefinite Suffixes to Vowel-Ending Bases<\/h3>\nNote the use of the glide -\u0d2f-<\/b> (-y-) when the suffix follows the vowels -\u0d07<\/b> (-i) or -\u0d0e<\/b> (-e).\n
    \n \t
  • \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 + \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f<\/b>\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (anywhere)<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 + \u0d13 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f<\/b>\u0d4b (somewhere)<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d + \u0d13 \u2192 \u0d06\u0d30<\/b>\u0d4b (someone - specific but unknown)<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d + \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d06\u0d30<\/b>\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (anyone - hypothetical)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Group 2: Suffixation with Vowel Change (Echo Vowel Deletion)<\/h3>\nNote how the word-final echo vowel (\u0d4d) is replaced by the vowel of the suffix.\n
      \n \t
    • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d + \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24<\/b>\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (anything)<\/li>\n \t
    • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d + \u0d13 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24<\/b>\u0d4b (something)<\/li>\n \t
    • \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e + \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34<\/b>\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (anytime)<\/li>\n \t
    • \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e + \u0d13 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34<\/b>\u0d4b (sometime)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Group 3: The Adverbial and Imminent Action Markers<\/h3>\nFocus on the visual pattern of the -\u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (-arai) and -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (-ayi) endings.\n
        \n \t
      • \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02 + \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f \u2192 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (happily)<\/li>\n \t
      • \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d02 + \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u2192 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (quickly)<\/li>\n \t
      • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15 + \u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u2192 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to come)<\/li>\n \t
      • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 + \u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u2192 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to go)<\/li>\n \t
      • \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15 + \u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u2192 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to begin)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Conversation<\/h2>\n\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f: \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c, \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d36\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/b> Student: Sir, I have a doubt. Is the class about to start now?\n\n\u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7b: \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46, \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/b> Teacher: Yes, it is about to begin. Is anyone else coming?\n\n\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f: \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b> Student: Someone is standing outside. I don't know if it is Raman.\n\n\u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7b: \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4b \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d28\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b> Teacher: He said either Raman or Krishnan would come. Let us wait a little longer.\n\n\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f: \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c, \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/b> Student: Sir, I am a little hungry and thirsty. Can I get something to drink?\n\n\u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7b: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42.<\/b> Teacher: There is some water sitting there. Drink that happily.\n\n\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f: \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f.<\/b> Student: Very helpful. I thought the shopkeeper would come sometime.\n\n\u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7b: \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d20\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b> Teacher: He will come sometime or other. Let us start the lesson now.\n

        Grammar Notes<\/h2>\n

        Note 22.1: Indefinite Pronouns With Hypothetical Versus Actual Referents<\/h3>\nMalayalam possesses two distinct sets of indefinite pronouns based on whether the person, place, or thing referred to is a purely hypothetical entity or a real (actual) entity whose specific identity is simply unknown to the speaker.\n
          \n \t
        1. Hypothetical Referents (-\u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02):<\/b> This suffix corresponds to English \"any-\" words. It is used when the speaker is referring to \"anyone at all\" or \"anywhere at all\" without a specific individual in mind.\n
            \n \t
          • \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/b> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? (Is anyone<\/b> [at all] coming?)<\/li>\n \t
          • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/b> \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (I want anything<\/b> [at all].)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
          • Actual but Unknown Referents (-\u0d13):<\/b> This suffix corresponds to English \"some-\" words. It is used when the speaker knows (or assumes) a specific entity exists, but does not know who or what it is.\n
              \n \t
            • \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b<\/b> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (Someone<\/b> is coming. [I hear footsteps; a specific person is there, but I don't know who.])<\/li>\n \t
            • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b<\/b> \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (He is eating something<\/b>. [I see him eating a specific object, but I don't know what it is.])<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              Question Base<\/td>\nHypothetical (-\u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02)<\/td>\nActual\/Unknown (-\u0d13)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d (Who)<\/td>\n\u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (Anyone)<\/td>\n\u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b (Someone)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d (What)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (Anything)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b (Something)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 (Where)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (Anywhere)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b (Somewhere)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e (When)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (Anytime)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d4b (Sometime)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              Note 22.2: One Member of the Class or the Other<\/h3>\nTo express the concept of \"either... or\" between two specific members of a class, Malayalam attaches the suffix -\u0d13<\/b> to each noun in the choice. This is similar to the coordinate conjunction pattern seen in Lesson 3, but using the disjunctive -\u0d13<\/b> instead of the conjunctive -\u0d09\u0d02<\/b>.\n
                \n \t
              • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b<\/b> \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? (Do you want tea or coffee<\/b>?)<\/li>\n \t
              • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4b \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d28\u0d4b<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (Either Raman or Krishnan<\/b> is there.)<\/li>\n \t
              • \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d17\u0d4b\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b<\/b> \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02. (We will get rice or wheat<\/b> today.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Note 22.3: The Human Suffix of Association or Agency<\/h3>\nMalayalam forms nouns denoting agency or professional association by adding the human suffixes -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (masculine) and -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f<\/b> (feminine) to a base noun. These refer to a person who \"does\" or is \"associated with\" the base noun's meaning.\n
                  \n \t
                • \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f (work) \u2014 \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (worker\/laborer)<\/li>\n \t
                • \u0d15\u0d1f (shop) \u2014 \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (shopkeeper)<\/li>\n \t
                • \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d (house) \u2014 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (host\/house owner)<\/li>\n \t
                • \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f (vehicle) \u2014 \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (driver)<\/li>\n \t
                • \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02 (garden) \u2014 \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (gardener)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nExample Sentences:<\/b>\n
                    \n \t
                  1. \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46? \u2014 Where is that shopkeeper<\/b>?<\/li>\n \t
                  2. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u2014 The cook<\/b> is making food.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Note 22.4: Verbs and Nouns of Experience formed with '\u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\/\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15'<\/h3>\nAs established in Moag\u2019s methodology (Note 3.5, 4.2), physical and emotional states in Malayalam are \"experiences\" that happen to<\/i> a person. Consequently, the subject is placed in the Dative Case<\/b>. These expressions are often formed by a noun of experience followed by the verb \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to be\/occur) or \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to do).\n
                      \n \t
                    1. Physical States:<\/b>\n
                        \n \t
                      • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b>. (I am hungry; lit: To me, there is hunger.)<\/li>\n \t
                      • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b>. (He is thirsty.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
                      • Emotional\/Experience States:<\/b>\n
                          \n \t
                        • \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b>. (The child is getting scared.)<\/li>\n \t
                        • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>. (They became very happy.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nCommon Noun + Verb Combinations:<\/b>\n
                            \n \t
                          • \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d + \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To have hunger)<\/li>\n \t
                          • \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f + \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d15 (To feel fear)<\/li>\n \t
                          • \u0d38\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d02 + \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To have sadness)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Note 22.5: The Adverb Marker '\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\/\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d'<\/h3>\nMost nouns and adjectives can be converted into adverbs by adding the suffix -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> or its more emphatic variant -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b>. This functions similarly to the \"-ly\" suffix in English.\n
                              \n \t
                            • \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02 (happiness) \u2014 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (happily)<\/li>\n \t
                            • \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d02 (speed) \u2014 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (quickly)<\/li>\n \t
                            • \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f (good\/well) \u2014 \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (well\/nicely)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nExample:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d38\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. (He spoke quickly<\/b>.)\n

                              Note 22.6: The \"about to\" Verbform<\/h3>\nTo express that an action is imminent or about to happen, Malayalam uses the marker -\u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>. This is formed by taking the infinitive base of the verb and adding the suffix.\n
                                \n \t
                              • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15 (to come) \u2192 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to come)<\/li>\n \t
                              • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (to go) \u2192 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to go)<\/li>\n \t
                              • \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (to eat) \u2192 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to eat)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nParadigm of Usage:<\/b>\n
                                  \n \t
                                1. \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>. (The bus is about to come.)<\/li>\n \t
                                2. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>. (We are about to go.)<\/li>\n \t
                                3. \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>. (The class is about to begin.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Exercises<\/h2>\n

                                  Exercise 1: Hypothetical vs. Actual Indefinites<\/h3>\nModel: \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41? \u2192 \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? (Hypothetical)<\/b>\n
                                    \n \t
                                  1. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02?<\/li>\n \t
                                  2. \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/li>\n \t
                                  3. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02?<\/li>\n \t
                                  4. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02?<\/li>\n \t
                                  5. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/li>\n \t
                                  6. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/li>\n \t
                                  7. \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/li>\n \t
                                  8. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d02?<\/li>\n \t
                                  9. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/li>\n \t
                                  10. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nModel: \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u2192 \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (Actual\/Unknown)<\/b>\n
                                      \n \t
                                    1. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n \t
                                    2. \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f.<\/li>\n \t
                                    3. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                                    4. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/li>\n \t
                                    5. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/li>\n \t
                                    6. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/li>\n \t
                                    7. \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n \t
                                    8. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d4b \u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41.<\/li>\n \t
                                    9. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/li>\n \t
                                    10. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      Exercise 2: The Disjunctive \"Either... Or\"<\/h3>\nModel: \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f, \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02) \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/b>\n
                                        \n \t
                                      1. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b, \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d7b (\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02)<\/li>\n \t
                                      2. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02, \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 (\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41)<\/li>\n \t
                                      3. \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d, \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d46 (\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02)<\/li>\n \t
                                      4. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d, \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 (\u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42)<\/li>\n \t
                                      5. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b, \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b (\u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d)<\/li>\n \t
                                      6. \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d02, \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f (\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02)<\/li>\n \t
                                      7. \u0d1a\u0d4a\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a, \u0d2c\u0d41\u0d27\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a (\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d)<\/li>\n \t
                                      8. \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d, \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (\u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41)<\/li>\n \t
                                      9. \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19, \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 (\u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02)<\/li>\n \t
                                      10. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d7b, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e (\u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        Exercise 3: Formation of Human Nouns<\/h3>\nModel: \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f \u2192 \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b>\n
                                          \n \t
                                        1. \u0d15\u0d1f<\/li>\n \t
                                        2. \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n \t
                                        3. \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
                                        4. \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/li>\n \t
                                        5. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
                                        6. \u0d15\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d35\u0d1f\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
                                        7. \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
                                        8. \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/li>\n \t
                                        9. \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3f<\/li>\n \t
                                        10. \u0d06\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          Exercise 4: Verbs of Experience (Dative Subject)<\/h3>\nModel: \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b, \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b>\n
                                            \n \t
                                          1. \u0d28\u0d40, \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
                                          2. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02, \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
                                          3. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c, \u0d38\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
                                          4. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f, \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/li>\n \t
                                          5. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e, \u0d26\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
                                          6. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b, \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/li>\n \t
                                          7. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7b, \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
                                          8. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e, \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
                                          9. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e, \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/li>\n \t
                                          10. \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b, \u0d38\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d02<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                            Exercise 5: Translation English to Malayalam<\/h3>\n
                                              \n \t
                                            1. Someone is calling you from outside.<\/li>\n \t
                                            2. Is there anyone in the office now?<\/li>\n \t
                                            3. The train is about to leave the station.<\/li>\n \t
                                            4. Either the shopkeeper or the worker will come.<\/li>\n \t
                                            5. He walked very quickly to the house.<\/li>\n \t
                                            6. I am very hungry; give me something to eat.<\/li>\n \t
                                            7. Do you want tea or coffee?<\/li>\n \t
                                            8. The cook is making food happily.<\/li>\n \t
                                            9. I saw someone somewhere today.<\/li>\n \t
                                            10. The children are about to go to school.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                              Exercise 6: Translation Malayalam to English<\/h3>\n
                                                \n \t
                                              1. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                                              2. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d4b \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n \t
                                              3. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41.<\/li>\n \t
                                              4. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                                              5. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
                                              6. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41, \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41.<\/li>\n \t
                                              7. \u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f; \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                                              8. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d28\u0d4b \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                                              9. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f.<\/li>\n \t
                                              10. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","rendered":"

                                                Lesson 22: Indefinite Pronouns and Verbs of Experience<\/h1>\n

                                                Vocabulary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\nanyone \/ someone (hypothetical)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\nanything \/ something (hypothetical)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\nanywhere \/ somewhere (hypothetical)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\nanytime \/ sometime (hypothetical)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\nsomehow (hypothetical)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b<\/td>\nsomeone (actual\/specific but unknown)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b<\/td>\nsomething (actual\/specific but unknown)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b<\/td>\nsomewhere (actual\/specific but unknown)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d4b<\/td>\nsometime (actual\/specific but unknown)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/td>\nworker \/ laborer (male)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f<\/td>\nworker \/ laborer (female)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/td>\nshopkeeper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/td>\nhouse owner \/ host<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/td>\ncook<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/td>\nhappiness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d38\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d02<\/td>\nsadness \/ grief<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d26\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\nanger<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/td>\nfear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/td>\nhunger<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02<\/td>\nthirst<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nto be \/ to occur \/ to have<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                -\u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/td>\nabout to (verb ending)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f \/ \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nadverb marker (as \/ like \/ -ly)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d<\/td>\na little \/ some<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/td>\nabout to come<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/td>\nabout to go<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                Reading Practice<\/h2>\n

                                                Group 1: Joining Indefinite Suffixes to Vowel-Ending Bases<\/h3>\n

                                                Note the use of the glide -\u0d2f-<\/b> (-y-) when the suffix follows the vowels -\u0d07<\/b> (-i) or -\u0d0e<\/b> (-e).<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 + \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f<\/b>\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (anywhere)<\/li>\n
                                                • \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 + \u0d13 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f<\/b>\u0d4b (somewhere)<\/li>\n
                                                • \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d + \u0d13 \u2192 \u0d06\u0d30<\/b>\u0d4b (someone – specific but unknown)<\/li>\n
                                                • \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d + \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d06\u0d30<\/b>\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (anyone – hypothetical)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  Group 2: Suffixation with Vowel Change (Echo Vowel Deletion)<\/h3>\n

                                                  Note how the word-final echo vowel (\u0d4d) is replaced by the vowel of the suffix.<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d + \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24<\/b>\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (anything)<\/li>\n
                                                  • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d + \u0d13 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24<\/b>\u0d4b (something)<\/li>\n
                                                  • \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e + \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34<\/b>\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (anytime)<\/li>\n
                                                  • \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e + \u0d13 \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34<\/b>\u0d4b (sometime)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    Group 3: The Adverbial and Imminent Action Markers<\/h3>\n

                                                    Focus on the visual pattern of the -\u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (-arai) and -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (-ayi) endings.<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02 + \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f \u2192 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (happily)<\/li>\n
                                                    • \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d02 + \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u2192 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (quickly)<\/li>\n
                                                    • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15 + \u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u2192 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to come)<\/li>\n
                                                    • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 + \u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u2192 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to go)<\/li>\n
                                                    • \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15 + \u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u2192 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to begin)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      Conversation<\/h2>\n

                                                      \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f: \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c, \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d36\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/b> Student: Sir, I have a doubt. Is the class about to start now?<\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7b: \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46, \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/b> Teacher: Yes, it is about to begin. Is anyone else coming?<\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f: \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b> Student: Someone is standing outside. I don’t know if it is Raman.<\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7b: \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4b \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d28\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b> Teacher: He said either Raman or Krishnan would come. Let us wait a little longer.<\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f: \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c, \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/b> Student: Sir, I am a little hungry and thirsty. Can I get something to drink?<\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7b: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42.<\/b> Teacher: There is some water sitting there. Drink that happily.<\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f: \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f.<\/b> Student: Very helpful. I thought the shopkeeper would come sometime.<\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7b: \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d20\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b> Teacher: He will come sometime or other. Let us start the lesson now.<\/p>\n

                                                      Grammar Notes<\/h2>\n

                                                      Note 22.1: Indefinite Pronouns With Hypothetical Versus Actual Referents<\/h3>\n

                                                      Malayalam possesses two distinct sets of indefinite pronouns based on whether the person, place, or thing referred to is a purely hypothetical entity or a real (actual) entity whose specific identity is simply unknown to the speaker.<\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      1. Hypothetical Referents (-\u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02):<\/b> This suffix corresponds to English “any-” words. It is used when the speaker is referring to “anyone at all” or “anywhere at all” without a specific individual in mind.\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/b> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? (Is anyone<\/b> [at all] coming?)<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02<\/b> \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (I want anything<\/b> [at all].)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                        • Actual but Unknown Referents (-\u0d13):<\/b> This suffix corresponds to English “some-” words. It is used when the speaker knows (or assumes) a specific entity exists, but does not know who or what it is.\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b<\/b> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (Someone<\/b> is coming. [I hear footsteps; a specific person is there, but I don’t know who.])<\/li>\n
                                                          • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b<\/b> \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (He is eating something<\/b>. [I see him eating a specific object, but I don’t know what it is.])<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                            Question Base<\/td>\nHypothetical (-\u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02)<\/td>\nActual\/Unknown (-\u0d13)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                            \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d (Who)<\/td>\n\u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (Anyone)<\/td>\n\u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b (Someone)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                            \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d (What)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (Anything)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b (Something)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                            \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 (Where)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (Anywhere)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b (Somewhere)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                            \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e (When)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (Anytime)<\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d4b (Sometime)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                            Note 22.2: One Member of the Class or the Other<\/h3>\n

                                                            To express the concept of “either… or” between two specific members of a class, Malayalam attaches the suffix -\u0d13<\/b> to each noun in the choice. This is similar to the coordinate conjunction pattern seen in Lesson 3, but using the disjunctive -\u0d13<\/b> instead of the conjunctive -\u0d09\u0d02<\/b>.<\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b<\/b> \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? (Do you want tea or coffee<\/b>?)<\/li>\n
                                                            • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4b \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d28\u0d4b<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (Either Raman or Krishnan<\/b> is there.)<\/li>\n
                                                            • \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d17\u0d4b\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b<\/b> \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02. (We will get rice or wheat<\/b> today.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                              Note 22.3: The Human Suffix of Association or Agency<\/h3>\n

                                                              Malayalam forms nouns denoting agency or professional association by adding the human suffixes -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (masculine) and -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f<\/b> (feminine) to a base noun. These refer to a person who “does” or is “associated with” the base noun’s meaning.<\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f (work) \u2014 \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (worker\/laborer)<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u0d15\u0d1f (shop) \u2014 \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (shopkeeper)<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d (house) \u2014 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (host\/house owner)<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f (vehicle) \u2014 \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (driver)<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02 (garden) \u2014 \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> (gardener)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                Example Sentences:<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                1. \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46? \u2014 Where is that shopkeeper<\/b>?<\/li>\n
                                                                2. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u2014 The cook<\/b> is making food.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                  Note 22.4: Verbs and Nouns of Experience formed with ‘\u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\/\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15’<\/h3>\n

                                                                  As established in Moag\u2019s methodology (Note 3.5, 4.2), physical and emotional states in Malayalam are “experiences” that happen to<\/i> a person. Consequently, the subject is placed in the Dative Case<\/b>. These expressions are often formed by a noun of experience followed by the verb \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to be\/occur) or \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to do).<\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. Physical States:<\/b>\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b>. (I am hungry; lit: To me, there is hunger.)<\/li>\n
                                                                    • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b>. (He is thirsty.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Emotional\/Experience States:<\/b>\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b>. (The child is getting scared.)<\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>. (They became very happy.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                        Common Noun + Verb Combinations:<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        • \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d + \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To have hunger)<\/li>\n
                                                                        • \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f + \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d15 (To feel fear)<\/li>\n
                                                                        • \u0d38\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d02 + \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To have sadness)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                          Note 22.5: The Adverb Marker ‘\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\/\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d’<\/h3>\n

                                                                          Most nouns and adjectives can be converted into adverbs by adding the suffix -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> or its more emphatic variant -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b>. This functions similarly to the “-ly” suffix in English.<\/p>\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          • \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02 (happiness) \u2014 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (happily)<\/li>\n
                                                                          • \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d02 (speed) \u2014 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (quickly)<\/li>\n
                                                                          • \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f (good\/well) \u2014 \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (well\/nicely)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                            Example:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d38\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. (He spoke quickly<\/b>.)<\/p>\n

                                                                            Note 22.6: The “about to” Verbform<\/h3>\n

                                                                            To express that an action is imminent or about to happen, Malayalam uses the marker -\u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>. This is formed by taking the infinitive base of the verb and adding the suffix.<\/p>\n

                                                                              \n
                                                                            • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15 (to come) \u2192 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to come)<\/li>\n
                                                                            • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (to go) \u2192 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to go)<\/li>\n
                                                                            • \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (to eat) \u2192 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> (about to eat)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                              Paradigm of Usage:<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>. (The bus is about to come.)<\/li>\n
                                                                              2. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>. (We are about to go.)<\/li>\n
                                                                              3. \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>. (The class is about to begin.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                Exercises<\/h2>\n

                                                                                Exercise 1: Hypothetical vs. Actual Indefinites<\/h3>\n

                                                                                Model: \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41? \u2192 \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? (Hypothetical)<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02?<\/li>\n
                                                                                2. \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/li>\n
                                                                                3. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02?<\/li>\n
                                                                                4. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02?<\/li>\n
                                                                                5. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/li>\n
                                                                                6. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/li>\n
                                                                                7. \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/li>\n
                                                                                8. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d02?<\/li>\n
                                                                                9. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/li>\n
                                                                                10. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                  Model: \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u2192 \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (Actual\/Unknown)<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  1. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  2. \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  3. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  4. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  5. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  6. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  7. \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  8. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d4b \u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  9. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  10. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                    Exercise 2: The Disjunctive “Either… Or”<\/h3>\n

                                                                                    Model: \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f, \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02) \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    1. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b, \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d7b (\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02)<\/li>\n
                                                                                    2. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02, \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 (\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41)<\/li>\n
                                                                                    3. \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d, \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d46 (\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02)<\/li>\n
                                                                                    4. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d, \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 (\u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42)<\/li>\n
                                                                                    5. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b, \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b (\u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d)<\/li>\n
                                                                                    6. \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d02, \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f (\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02)<\/li>\n
                                                                                    7. \u0d1a\u0d4a\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a, \u0d2c\u0d41\u0d27\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a (\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d)<\/li>\n
                                                                                    8. \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d, \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (\u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41)<\/li>\n
                                                                                    9. \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19, \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 (\u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02)<\/li>\n
                                                                                    10. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d7b, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e (\u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                      Exercise 3: Formation of Human Nouns<\/h3>\n

                                                                                      Model: \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f \u2192 \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      1. \u0d15\u0d1f<\/li>\n
                                                                                      2. \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                                                                                      3. \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02<\/li>\n
                                                                                      4. \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/li>\n
                                                                                      5. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d02<\/li>\n
                                                                                      6. \u0d15\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d35\u0d1f\u0d02<\/li>\n
                                                                                      7. \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/li>\n
                                                                                      8. \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                                                                                      9. \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3f<\/li>\n
                                                                                      10. \u0d06\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                        Exercise 4: Verbs of Experience (Dative Subject)<\/h3>\n

                                                                                        Model: \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b, \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u2192 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        1. \u0d28\u0d40, \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02<\/li>\n
                                                                                        2. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02, \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/li>\n
                                                                                        3. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c, \u0d38\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d02<\/li>\n
                                                                                        4. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f, \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/li>\n
                                                                                        5. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e, \u0d26\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/li>\n
                                                                                        6. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b, \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                                                                                        7. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7b, \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/li>\n
                                                                                        8. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e, \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02<\/li>\n
                                                                                        9. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e, \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/li>\n
                                                                                        10. \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b, \u0d38\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d02<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                          Exercise 5: Translation English to Malayalam<\/h3>\n
                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          1. Someone is calling you from outside.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          2. Is there anyone in the office now?<\/li>\n
                                                                                          3. The train is about to leave the station.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          4. Either the shopkeeper or the worker will come.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          5. He walked very quickly to the house.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          6. I am very hungry; give me something to eat.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          7. Do you want tea or coffee?<\/li>\n
                                                                                          8. The cook is making food happily.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          9. I saw someone somewhere today.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          10. The children are about to go to school.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                            Exercise 6: Translation Malayalam to English<\/h3>\n
                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            1. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            2. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4b \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d4b \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            3. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            4. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            5. \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                                                                                            6. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41, \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            7. \u0d2e\u0d34 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f; \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            8. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d28\u0d4b \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            9. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            10. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":29,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-78","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":79,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/revisions\/79"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=78"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=78"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=78"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=78"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}