{"id":74,"date":"2026-05-12T21:20:01","date_gmt":"2026-05-12T20:20:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-20-the-onam-festival\/"},"modified":"2026-05-18T10:16:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-18T09:16:17","slug":"lesson-20-the-onam-festival","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-20-the-onam-festival\/","title":{"raw":"Lesson 20: The Onam Festival","rendered":"Lesson 20: The Onam Festival"},"content":{"raw":"

Lesson 20: The Onam Festival \u2013 Comprehensive Unicode Transcription<\/h1>\n1. LESSON FRONT MATTER & VOCABULARY LIST<\/b>\n\nOnam is the national festival of Kerala, celebrated by Malayalis of all castes and religions. It falls in the Malayalam month of Chingam (August\u2013September) and commemorates the legendary reign of King Mahabali and his annual homecoming from the underworld. The festival is characterized by flower carpets (Pookkalam), traditional feasts (Sadya), and boat races (Vallamkali).\n

Vocabulary List<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d13\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\nOnam (the national festival of Kerala)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d02<\/td>\nChingam (the first month of the Malayalam calendar)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d02<\/td>\nAtham (the first day of the ten-day Onam festival)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d4b\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\nThiruvonam (the most important day of Onam)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f<\/td>\nMahabali (the legendary King of Kerala)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d7b<\/td>\nVamanan (the avatar of Vishnu who sent Mahabali to the underworld)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f<\/td>\nSadya (the traditional vegetarian feast)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d02<\/td>\nPookkalam (the floral decoration made on the floor)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d35\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f<\/td>\nVallamkali (the traditional boat race)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7d<\/td>\nUnjal (a swing)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/td>\nKodi (new clothes gifted during festivals)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d38\u0d02<\/td>\nPayasam (a traditional sweet pudding)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/td>\nAghosham (celebration)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d02<\/td>\nUtsavam (festival)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02<\/td>\nVishesham (specialty\/news)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f<\/td>\nThumbi (dragonfly, often associated with Onam songs)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d06\u0d7c\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f<\/td>\nArpuvili (joyous shouting\/cheering)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f<\/td>\nPulikali (tiger dance)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n2. READING PRACTICE (EYE TRAINING)<\/b>\n\nThe following patterns focus on the attachment of the adjectival suffix -\u0d06\u0d2f<\/b> and its variant -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> to nouns and verbs, as well as complex word-groupings related to the festival. Observe the graphic pattern where the marker attaches to the preceding unit.\n
    \n \t
  • \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d13\u0d23\u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d35\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n3. LESSON 20 CONVERSATION: THE ONAM FESTIVAL<\/b>\n\n\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d, \u0d08 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? Bill, do you know when Onam is this year?\n\n\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d46\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d7c \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b. \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02. It is in the beginning of September, isn't it? Onam is the biggest festival in Kerala.\n\n\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d47, \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1c\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. Yes, that is the day Emperor Mahabali comes to see his subjects.\n\n\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/b> \u0d13\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d27\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47? Doesn't everyone wear new clothes for Onam?\n\n\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d27\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46 \u2018\u0d13\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d3f\u2019 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02. They do. It is called 'Onakkodi.' Also, they put floral carpets in the front yard of the house.\n\n\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/b> \u0d13\u0d23\u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d0f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. I have heard that the Onam feast is the most special thing.\n\n\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d38\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02. That's right. After the feast and payasam, we can go to see the boat race.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n4. GRAMMAR NOTES 20.1 THROUGH 20.7<\/b>\n

    20.1 Adjectival\/Relative Clauses Formed with -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d4d<\/h3>\nThis section details the construction of relative clauses using the suffix -\u0d06\u0d2f<\/b> or its noun-form variant -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d4d<\/b> (represented in older pedagogical texts as -ctJIQ) cru). When attached to a noun or a verb stem, it transforms the preceding clause into an adjective qualifying a head noun.\n\n\u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f. (A feast that is special.) \u0d28\u0d40 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02. (The book that was given by you.)\n

    20.2 Another Impersonal Expression of Liking<\/h3>\nBeyond the basic ishtam<\/i> construction, Moag introduces \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (ish-ta-ppa-du-ka). Like many expressions of physical or mental states in Malayalam, the subject (the experiencer) must be in the Dative Case<\/b>.\n\n\u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d06 \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. (I liked that flower carpet.)\n

    20.3 Spelling Changes \/ Miscellaneous Changes with \u0d2a- Initial Postpositions<\/h3>\nWhen postpositions beginning with the consonant \u0d2a<\/b> (p-) follow a word, the \u0d2a<\/b> often doubles to \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a<\/b> (pp-). This is common with words like \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (purattu - outside) or \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d<\/b> (padikkal - at the door).\n\n\u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d (At the house-door.) \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d (Outside in the yard.)\n

    20.4 The Instrumental Form of the Noun<\/h3>\nThe Instrumental Case is formed by adding the suffix -\u0d06\u0d7d<\/b> (-aal) to the noun stem. It indicates the means, instrument, or agent by which an action is performed, corresponding to \"by\" or \"with\" in English.\n\n\u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d15\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d (With\/by a stone.) \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d (By him.)\n

    20.5 The Passive Voice Construction<\/h3>\nPassive sentences are formed using the auxiliary verb \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (ppeduka) attached to the infinitive or the past stem of the main verb. In this construction, the original object becomes the subject, and the original subject is often moved to the Instrumental Case.\n\n\u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d06 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. (That book was written by Raman.)\n

    20.6 Joining Two Clauses Showing Simultaneous Action Over Time<\/h3>\nConcurrent actions are linked using the marker -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e<\/b> (-kkondirikkumpol). This specifies that one action was in progress at the exact time another occurred.\n\n\u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (While I was eating the feast, Bill came.)\n

    20.7 Causative and Double Causative Verbs<\/h3>\nMalayalam creates causative verbs by adding -\u0d07\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (-ikkuka) to the verb stem. A simple causative indicates making someone do an action, while a double causative involves getting someone to make another person do an action.\n\n\u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To cause to do.) \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To cause to eat\/to feed.)\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n5. LESSON 20 EXERCISES<\/b>\n\nExercise 1: Vocabulary Substitution<\/b> Substitute the underlined word with the terms provided in the list.\n\nModel:<\/b> \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02<\/b> \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (We are celebrating Onam.) (\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d41, \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d, \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7e)\n
      \n \t
    1. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d41<\/b> \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n
        \n \t
      1. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n
          \n \t
        1. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7e<\/b> \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nExercise 2: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/b> Translate the following sentences using the grammar points covered in Lesson 20.\n
            \n \t
          1. I liked the Payasam that mother made.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n
              \n \t
            1. Mahabali was sent to the underworld by Vamanan. (Use Passive Voice)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n
                \n \t
              1. While we were looking at the Pookkalam, it started to rain.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n
                  \n \t
                1. He made the boy wear new clothes. (Use Causative)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n
                    \n \t
                  1. Is this the special feast?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nDOCUMENT ATTRIBUTION & METADATA<\/b>\n\nSource Metadata:<\/b> Malayalam: A University Course and Reference Grammar by Rodney F. Moag, Fourth Edition (2002). Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.\n\nPage Ranges:<\/b>\n
                      \n \t
                    • Print Range:<\/b> 289\u2013311<\/li>\n \t
                    • PDF Range:<\/b> 289\u2013311<\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"

                      Lesson 20: The Onam Festival \u2013 Comprehensive Unicode Transcription<\/h1>\n

                      1. LESSON FRONT MATTER & VOCABULARY LIST<\/b><\/p>\n

                      Onam is the national festival of Kerala, celebrated by Malayalis of all castes and religions. It falls in the Malayalam month of Chingam (August\u2013September) and commemorates the legendary reign of King Mahabali and his annual homecoming from the underworld. The festival is characterized by flower carpets (Pookkalam), traditional feasts (Sadya), and boat races (Vallamkali).<\/p>\n

                      Vocabulary List<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\nOnam (the national festival of Kerala)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d02<\/td>\nChingam (the first month of the Malayalam calendar)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d02<\/td>\nAtham (the first day of the ten-day Onam festival)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d4b\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\nThiruvonam (the most important day of Onam)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f<\/td>\nMahabali (the legendary King of Kerala)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d7b<\/td>\nVamanan (the avatar of Vishnu who sent Mahabali to the underworld)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f<\/td>\nSadya (the traditional vegetarian feast)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d02<\/td>\nPookkalam (the floral decoration made on the floor)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d35\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f<\/td>\nVallamkali (the traditional boat race)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d0a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7d<\/td>\nUnjal (a swing)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/td>\nKodi (new clothes gifted during festivals)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d38\u0d02<\/td>\nPayasam (a traditional sweet pudding)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/td>\nAghosham (celebration)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d02<\/td>\nUtsavam (festival)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02<\/td>\nVishesham (specialty\/news)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d24\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f<\/td>\nThumbi (dragonfly, often associated with Onam songs)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d06\u0d7c\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f<\/td>\nArpuvili (joyous shouting\/cheering)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f<\/td>\nPulikali (tiger dance)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                      2. READING PRACTICE (EYE TRAINING)<\/b><\/p>\n

                      The following patterns focus on the attachment of the adjectival suffix -\u0d06\u0d2f<\/b> and its variant -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> to nouns and verbs, as well as complex word-groupings related to the festival. Observe the graphic pattern where the marker attaches to the preceding unit.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f<\/li>\n
                      • \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f<\/li>\n
                      • \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f<\/li>\n
                      • \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                      • \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                      • \u0d13\u0d23\u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                      • \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41<\/li>\n
                      • \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/li>\n
                      • \u0d35\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                        3. LESSON 20 CONVERSATION: THE ONAM FESTIVAL<\/b><\/p>\n

                        \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d, \u0d08 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? Bill, do you know when Onam is this year?<\/p>\n

                        \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d46\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d7c \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b. \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02. It is in the beginning of September, isn’t it? Onam is the biggest festival in Kerala.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d47, \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1c\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. Yes, that is the day Emperor Mahabali comes to see his subjects.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/b> \u0d13\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d27\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47? Doesn’t everyone wear new clothes for Onam?<\/p>\n

                        \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d27\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46 \u2018\u0d13\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d3f\u2019 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02. They do. It is called ‘Onakkodi.’ Also, they put floral carpets in the front yard of the house.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/b> \u0d13\u0d23\u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d0f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. I have heard that the Onam feast is the most special thing.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d38\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02. That’s right. After the feast and payasam, we can go to see the boat race.<\/p>\n

                        ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                        4. GRAMMAR NOTES 20.1 THROUGH 20.7<\/b><\/p>\n

                        20.1 Adjectival\/Relative Clauses Formed with -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d4d<\/h3>\n

                        This section details the construction of relative clauses using the suffix -\u0d06\u0d2f<\/b> or its noun-form variant -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d4d<\/b> (represented in older pedagogical texts as -ctJIQ) cru). When attached to a noun or a verb stem, it transforms the preceding clause into an adjective qualifying a head noun.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f. (A feast that is special.) \u0d28\u0d40 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02. (The book that was given by you.)<\/p>\n

                        20.2 Another Impersonal Expression of Liking<\/h3>\n

                        Beyond the basic ishtam<\/i> construction, Moag introduces \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (ish-ta-ppa-du-ka). Like many expressions of physical or mental states in Malayalam, the subject (the experiencer) must be in the Dative Case<\/b>.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d06 \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. (I liked that flower carpet.)<\/p>\n

                        20.3 Spelling Changes \/ Miscellaneous Changes with \u0d2a- Initial Postpositions<\/h3>\n

                        When postpositions beginning with the consonant \u0d2a<\/b> (p-) follow a word, the \u0d2a<\/b> often doubles to \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a<\/b> (pp-). This is common with words like \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (purattu – outside) or \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d<\/b> (padikkal – at the door).<\/p>\n

                        \u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d (At the house-door.) \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d (Outside in the yard.)<\/p>\n

                        20.4 The Instrumental Form of the Noun<\/h3>\n

                        The Instrumental Case is formed by adding the suffix -\u0d06\u0d7d<\/b> (-aal) to the noun stem. It indicates the means, instrument, or agent by which an action is performed, corresponding to “by” or “with” in English.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d15\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d (With\/by a stone.) \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d (By him.)<\/p>\n

                        20.5 The Passive Voice Construction<\/h3>\n

                        Passive sentences are formed using the auxiliary verb \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (ppeduka) attached to the infinitive or the past stem of the main verb. In this construction, the original object becomes the subject, and the original subject is often moved to the Instrumental Case.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d06 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. (That book was written by Raman.)<\/p>\n

                        20.6 Joining Two Clauses Showing Simultaneous Action Over Time<\/h3>\n

                        Concurrent actions are linked using the marker -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e<\/b> (-kkondirikkumpol). This specifies that one action was in progress at the exact time another occurred.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (While I was eating the feast, Bill came.)<\/p>\n

                        20.7 Causative and Double Causative Verbs<\/h3>\n

                        Malayalam creates causative verbs by adding -\u0d07\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (-ikkuka) to the verb stem. A simple causative indicates making someone do an action, while a double causative involves getting someone to make another person do an action.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02:<\/b> \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To cause to do.) \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To cause to eat\/to feed.)<\/p>\n

                        ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                        5. LESSON 20 EXERCISES<\/b><\/p>\n

                        Exercise 1: Vocabulary Substitution<\/b> Substitute the underlined word with the terms provided in the list.<\/p>\n

                        Model:<\/b> \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02<\/b> \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (We are celebrating Onam.) (\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d41, \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d, \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7e)<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d41<\/b> \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7e<\/b> \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                              Exercise 2: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/b> Translate the following sentences using the grammar points covered in Lesson 20.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. I liked the Payasam that mother made.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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                                1. Mahabali was sent to the underworld by Vamanan. (Use Passive Voice)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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                                  1. While we were looking at the Pookkalam, it started to rain.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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                                    1. He made the boy wear new clothes. (Use Causative)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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                                      1. Is this the special feast?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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                                        DOCUMENT ATTRIBUTION & METADATA<\/b><\/p>\n

                                        Source Metadata:<\/b> Malayalam: A University Course and Reference Grammar by Rodney F. Moag, Fourth Edition (2002). Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/p>\n

                                        Page Ranges:<\/b><\/p>\n

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                                        • Print Range:<\/b> 289\u2013311<\/li>\n
                                        • PDF Range:<\/b> 289\u2013311<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":27,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-74","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/74","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/74\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":75,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/74\/revisions\/75"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/74\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=74"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=74"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=74"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}