{"id":66,"date":"2026-05-11T20:58:49","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T19:58:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-22\/"},"modified":"2026-05-18T10:16:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-18T09:16:17","slug":"lesson-22","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-22\/","title":{"raw":"Lesson Twentytwo","rendered":"Lesson Twentytwo"},"content":{"raw":"
Lesson 22: Indefinite Pronouns and Verbs of Experience<\/b><\/div>\n
Lesson 22: Conversation (transcription)<\/b>-<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f:<\/b> \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02?<\/span> (Mathai: Haven't seen Mathai for a few days. What's the news?)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b! \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/span> (Pilla: Something! Caught a bad fever and was in bed for a few days. Mother also had some illness.)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/span> (Mathai: When did the fever come?)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/span> (Pilla: Don't know exactly when. It's been about ten days since catching the fever. Taking medicines and all.)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f:<\/b> \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/span> (Mathai: Are you well now?)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d40\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/span> (Pilla: Fever has decreased. But there is a lot of weakness. Therefore, need rest for a few more days.)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d06\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/span> (Mathai: That's right. You must rest well. Are you eating food?)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33:<\/b> \u0d06\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d40\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/span> (Pilla: Have no interest at all in eating food. Still, eating a little.)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/span> (Mathai: Don't worry. When the fever goes, everything will be all right. See you sometime.)<\/span><\/div>\n
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <\/span><\/div>\n
Lesson 22: Vocabulary (transcription)<\/b>-<\/span><\/div>\n
    \n \t
  • \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f (maathaayi):<\/b> Mathai (Malayalam form of Matthew)<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d7b (maathaayicchan):<\/b> Mr. Mathai (respectful)<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (kitappilaayirunnu):<\/b> was in bed \/ was lying down<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d05\u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02 (asugham):<\/b> illness \/ ill health<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d35\u0d2f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d (vayassu):<\/b> age<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (vaardhakkyam):<\/b> old age<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f (pani):<\/b> fever<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (pitikkuka):<\/b> to catch (a disease) \/ to grab<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d15\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d02 (kathinam):<\/b> severe \/ tough \/ cruel<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d3f (krushi):<\/b> agriculture \/ farming<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d28\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (nashikkuka):<\/b> to be ruined \/ destroyed<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c (krushikkaar):<\/b> farmers<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (bhaagyam):<\/b> luck \/ fortune<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (nirbhaagyam):<\/b> bad luck \/ misfortune<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d35\u0d7c (paavappettavar):<\/b> poor people<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d02 (vishamam):<\/b> difficulty \/ trouble<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (vishamikkuka):<\/b> to suffer \/ to experience difficulty<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c (sarkkaar):<\/b> government<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15 (itapetuka):<\/b> to interfere \/ to take a hand in<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <\/span><\/div>\n
    Lesson 22: Grammar Notes (transcription)<\/b>-<\/span><\/div>\n
    22.1 Indefinite Pronouns with Hypothetical versus Actual Referents:<\/b> Indefinite pronouns refer to people, things, or times that are not specifically identified.<\/span><\/div>\n
      \n \t
    • Hypothetical:<\/b> Refers to non-realized or possible entities. Formed using an interrogative base + a conditional particle (like <\/span>-engil<\/i>) + the particle <\/span>-um<\/i>.<\/span>\n
        \n \t
      • Example: <\/span>\u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (eppozhengilum)<\/b> \u2014 sometime \/ any time at all.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
      • Actual:<\/b> Refers to a real entity whose identity is unknown to the speaker. Formed using an interrogative base + the marker <\/span>-oo<\/i>.<\/span>\n
          \n \t
        • Example: <\/span>\u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b (eviteyoo)<\/b> \u2014 somewhere (actual but unknown).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          22.3 The Human Suffix of Association or Agency:<\/b> The suffix <\/span>-\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b (-kkaaran)<\/b> (masc.), <\/span>-\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f (-kkaari)<\/b> (fem.), and <\/span>-\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c (-kkaarc)<\/b> (plural) is added to nouns to denote a person associated with that noun or its agency.<\/span><\/div>\n
            \n \t
          • Example: <\/span>\u0d35\u0d47\u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b (veelakkaaran)<\/b> \u2014 servant (one who does work).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            22.4 Verbs and Nouns of Experience formed with -\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15 (-petuka):<\/b> This verb is used to express experiencing or undergoing a condition.<\/span><\/div>\n
              \n \t
            • Example: <\/span>\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15 (vishamikkappetuka)<\/b> \u2014 to experience difficulty.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              22.5 The Adverb Marker -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f (-aayi):<\/b> Adding <\/span>-\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> to nouns or adjectives creates manner or sentence adverbs.<\/span><\/div>\n
                \n \t
              • Example: <\/span>\u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f (shariyaayi)<\/b> \u2014 correctly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                22.6 The \"about to\" Verbform:<\/b> Formed by adding <\/span>-\u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f (-aaraayi)<\/b> to the present stem, indicating an action that is just about to occur or that it is time for an action.<\/span><\/div>\n
                  \n \t
                • Example: <\/span>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f (varaaraayi)<\/b> \u2014 is about to come \/ it is time to come.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <\/span><\/div>\n
                  Lesson 22: Exercises (transcription)<\/b>-<\/span><\/div>\n
                  Exercise 1: Noun Phrases with -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c (-kkaarc)<\/b> Replace the underlined phrases with nouns ending in <\/span>-\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c<\/b> as in the model.<\/span><\/div>\n
                    \n \t
                  1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b <\/span>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                    Exercise 2: Forms with -\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15 (-petuka)<\/b> Form nouns describing the subject of the verbs as in the model.<\/span><\/div>\n
                      \n \t
                    1. \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f. <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d35\u0d7b<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                      Exercise 3: \"About to\" Verbforms<\/b> Change the underlined verbs to the \"about to\" form.<\/span><\/div>\n
                        \n \t
                      1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02. <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b <\/span>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>","rendered":"
                        Lesson 22: Indefinite Pronouns and Verbs of Experience<\/b><\/div>\n
                        Lesson 22: Conversation (transcription)<\/b>–<\/span><\/div>\n
                        \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f:<\/b> \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02?<\/span> (Mathai: Haven’t seen Mathai for a few days. What’s the news?)<\/span><\/div>\n
                        \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b! \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/span> (Pilla: Something! Caught a bad fever and was in bed for a few days. Mother also had some illness.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                        \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/span> (Mathai: When did the fever come?)<\/span><\/div>\n
                        \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/span> (Pilla: Don’t know exactly when. It’s been about ten days since catching the fever. Taking medicines and all.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                        \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f:<\/b> \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/span> (Mathai: Are you well now?)<\/span><\/div>\n
                        \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d40\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/span> (Pilla: Fever has decreased. But there is a lot of weakness. Therefore, need rest for a few more days.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                        \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d06\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/span> (Mathai: That’s right. You must rest well. Are you eating food?)<\/span><\/div>\n
                        \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33:<\/b> \u0d06\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d40\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/span> (Pilla: Have no interest at all in eating food. Still, eating a little.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                        \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/span> (Mathai: Don’t worry. When the fever goes, everything will be all right. See you sometime.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                        ——————————————————————————– <\/span><\/div>\n
                        Lesson 22: Vocabulary (transcription)<\/b>–<\/span><\/div>\n
                          \n
                        • \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f (maathaayi):<\/b> Mathai (Malayalam form of Matthew)<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d7b (maathaayicchan):<\/b> Mr. Mathai (respectful)<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (kitappilaayirunnu):<\/b> was in bed \/ was lying down<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d05\u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02 (asugham):<\/b> illness \/ ill health<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d35\u0d2f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d (vayassu):<\/b> age<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (vaardhakkyam):<\/b> old age<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f (pani):<\/b> fever<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (pitikkuka):<\/b> to catch (a disease) \/ to grab<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d15\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d02 (kathinam):<\/b> severe \/ tough \/ cruel<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d3f (krushi):<\/b> agriculture \/ farming<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d28\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (nashikkuka):<\/b> to be ruined \/ destroyed<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c (krushikkaar):<\/b> farmers<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (bhaagyam):<\/b> luck \/ fortune<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (nirbhaagyam):<\/b> bad luck \/ misfortune<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d35\u0d7c (paavappettavar):<\/b> poor people<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d02 (vishamam):<\/b> difficulty \/ trouble<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (vishamikkuka):<\/b> to suffer \/ to experience difficulty<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c (sarkkaar):<\/b> government<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15 (itapetuka):<\/b> to interfere \/ to take a hand in<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                          ——————————————————————————– <\/span><\/div>\n
                          Lesson 22: Grammar Notes (transcription)<\/b>–<\/span><\/div>\n
                          22.1 Indefinite Pronouns with Hypothetical versus Actual Referents:<\/b> Indefinite pronouns refer to people, things, or times that are not specifically identified.<\/span><\/div>\n
                            \n
                          • Hypothetical:<\/b> Refers to non-realized or possible entities. Formed using an interrogative base + a conditional particle (like <\/span>-engil<\/i>) + the particle <\/span>-um<\/i>.<\/span>\n
                              \n
                            • Example: <\/span>\u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 (eppozhengilum)<\/b> \u2014 sometime \/ any time at all.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                            • Actual:<\/b> Refers to a real entity whose identity is unknown to the speaker. Formed using an interrogative base + the marker <\/span>-oo<\/i>.<\/span>\n
                                \n
                              • Example: <\/span>\u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b (eviteyoo)<\/b> \u2014 somewhere (actual but unknown).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                22.3 The Human Suffix of Association or Agency:<\/b> The suffix <\/span>-\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b (-kkaaran)<\/b> (masc.), <\/span>-\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f (-kkaari)<\/b> (fem.), and <\/span>-\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c (-kkaarc)<\/b> (plural) is added to nouns to denote a person associated with that noun or its agency.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                  \n
                                • Example: <\/span>\u0d35\u0d47\u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b (veelakkaaran)<\/b> \u2014 servant (one who does work).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                  22.4 Verbs and Nouns of Experience formed with -\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15 (-petuka):<\/b> This verb is used to express experiencing or undergoing a condition.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                    \n
                                  • Example: <\/span>\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15 (vishamikkappetuka)<\/b> \u2014 to experience difficulty.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                    22.5 The Adverb Marker -\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f (-aayi):<\/b> Adding <\/span>-\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b> to nouns or adjectives creates manner or sentence adverbs.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                      \n
                                    • Example: <\/span>\u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f (shariyaayi)<\/b> \u2014 correctly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                      22.6 The “about to” Verbform:<\/b> Formed by adding <\/span>-\u0d06\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f (-aaraayi)<\/b> to the present stem, indicating an action that is just about to occur or that it is time for an action.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                        \n
                                      • Example: <\/span>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f (varaaraayi)<\/b> \u2014 is about to come \/ it is time to come.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                        ——————————————————————————– <\/span><\/div>\n
                                        Lesson 22: Exercises (transcription)<\/b>–<\/span><\/div>\n
                                        Exercise 1: Noun Phrases with -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c (-kkaarc)<\/b> Replace the underlined phrases with nouns ending in <\/span>-\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c<\/b> as in the model.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                          \n
                                        1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b <\/span>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                          Exercise 2: Forms with -\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15 (-petuka)<\/b> Form nouns describing the subject of the verbs as in the model.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                            \n
                                          1. \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f. <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2a\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d35\u0d7b<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                            Exercise 3: “About to” Verbforms<\/b> Change the underlined verbs to the “about to” form.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                              \n
                                            1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02. <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b <\/span>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":23,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-66","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/66","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/66\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":67,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/66\/revisions\/67"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/66\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=66"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=66"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=66"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}