{"id":60,"date":"2026-05-11T20:28:56","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T19:28:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-19\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T09:34:15","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T08:34:15","slug":"lesson-19","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-19\/","title":{"raw":"Lesson 19: Problems at the Office","rendered":"Lesson 19: Problems at the Office"},"content":{"raw":"Print Pages 268\u2013289<\/b>\r\n

Lesson 19 Vocabulary<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\r\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d09\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d7b<\/td>\r\nOfficer \/ Official<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nAccounts \/ Mathematics<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nReport<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nError \/ Mistake<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo correct \/ To edit<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d35\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nLack of attention \/ Negligence<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d06\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo repeat<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d35\u0d48\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo be late \/ To delay<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo give an explanation \/ To justify<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d26\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\r\nAnger<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f<\/td>\r\nWork \/ Task<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d36\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d02<\/td>\r\nSalary<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d12\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nSignature<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d17\u0d57\u0d30\u0d35\u0d02<\/td>\r\nSeriousness \/ Gravity<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Reading Practice<\/h2>\r\nThe following exercise focuses on the visual recognition of verbal nouns ending in -\u0d7d<\/b> and repetitive verb forms where suffixes are joined to the present or past stems.\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • Verbal Nouns (-\u0d7d Suffix):<\/b>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7d (The act of doing)<\/li>\r\n \t
    • \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d (The act of writing)<\/li>\r\n \t
    • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d7d (The act of coming)<\/li>\r\n \t
    • \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d (The act of giving)<\/li>\r\n \t
    • \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d7d (The act of correcting)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Graphic Patterns in Repetitive Forms (-\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15):<\/b>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To keep on saying)<\/li>\r\n \t
      • \u0d28\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To keep on looking)<\/li>\r\n \t
      • \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To keep on coming)<\/li>\r\n \t
      • \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To keep on doing)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Negative Verbal Adjectives:<\/b>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 (That which does not come)<\/li>\r\n \t
        • \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 (That which does not do)<\/li>\r\n \t
        • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 (Having no desire to go)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

          Lesson 19 Conversation: Problems at the Office<\/h2>\r\n\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d3e, \u0d08 \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/b> Raman, there are many mistakes in this report. Who prepared this?<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c? \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/b> Is that so, sir? I wrote that myself.<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d35\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d24\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/b> One should not have this much lack of attention while working. Many of the accounts are wrong.<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c. \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d40\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d48\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/b> Please forgive me, sir. Because it was late to finish the work, I did it quickly.<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d30\u0d3e, \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d07\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d.<\/b> Doing it quickly is not enough; it must be correct. Do not repeat this hereafter.<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b> Fine, sir. I will correct this and bring it right away.<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d42. \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/b> Fine, come quickly. The \"Sir\" (higher official) is about to arrive. He needs this report immediately.<\/i>\r\n

          Grammar Notes<\/h2>\r\n

          19.1 Mildness and Deference During Confrontation<\/h3>\r\nIn the hierarchy-conscious environment of a Kerala office, communication between subordinates and superiors is governed by sociolinguistic rules of deference. When a superior confronts a subordinate, they often avoid the most blunt imperatives, opting instead for the \"Indirect Form\" using -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (Section 19.2) or the modal -\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/b> (should not).\r\n\r\nConversely, the subordinate must use markers of deference such as dative subjects (Section 4.1) or the polite assertive marker -\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b<\/b> to soften their own explanations. Directly contradicting a superior is avoided; instead, an explanation (\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02) is offered, often preceded by a request for forgiveness (\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02).\r\n

          19.2 The Familiar \/ Forceful Negative Command Form<\/h3>\r\nThe negative command form -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> is used to express a forceful prohibition. While -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> is inherently less polite than the forms learned in Lesson 18, it is the standard way a superior issues a firm warning to a subordinate.\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (Don't do!)<\/li>\r\n \t
          • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (Don't go!) This form is constructed by adding -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> to the base verb stem. When used with a social superior, it would be considered rude; in those cases, the polite negative -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d47<\/b> or a more circumspect indirect construction is required.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

            19.3 Summing Up the Uses of the Verbal Noun in -\u0d7d<\/h3>\r\nThe suffix -\u0d7d<\/b> creates a verbal noun that denotes the act or process of the verb. This is distinct from the -\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> verbal noun which often refers to the fact of the action.\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d<\/b> (Writing \/ The process of writing)<\/li>\r\n \t
            • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7d<\/b> (Buying \/ The act of purchasing) In office terminology, these nouns are frequent: \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d32\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e<\/b> (transactions\/give and take). These nouns can function as the subject of an equative sentence or the object of a verb.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

              19.4 The Repetitive Verbform with -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/h3>\r\nTo indicate that an action is performed repeatedly or continuously over a period of time, Malayalam employs the construction: Past Participle + \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47 + \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b>.\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> (Keeps on telling)<\/li>\r\n \t
              • \u0d28\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> (Keeps on looking) The particle -\u0d0f<\/b> attached to the conjunctive participle -\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> provides the emphatic \"keep on\" sense. This form is common when describing ongoing office problems or habitual errors.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                19.5 Negative Verbal Adjectives and Nouns<\/h3>\r\nNegative verbal adjectives are formed by adding -\u0d06\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24<\/b> to the verb stem.\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d06\u0d7e<\/b> (The person who does not come)<\/li>\r\n \t
                • \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/b> (The child who does not study) These adjectives can be turned into nouns by adding personal endings, such as \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d35\u0d7b<\/b> (he who does not come) or \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (that which is not done). In a professional context, this is used to describe tasks left undone or delinquent employees.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                  19.6 Relative Clause with Personal Relative Pronouns<\/h3>\r\nUnlike English, which uses \"who\" or \"which,\" Malayalam forms relative clauses primarily through verbal adjectives (see Lesson 8.2). However, for specific emphasis or in complex sentences, personal relative pronouns (\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c) follow the verbal adjective to ground the description in a specific person. Example: \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d36\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b> (Salary will not be given to those who do not do work.)\r\n

                  19.7 The Present Perfect Verbform<\/h3>\r\nThe Present Perfect indicates an action that was completed in the past but has continuing relevance in the present. It is formed by the Past Participle + \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b>.\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (He has arrived\/is here now.)<\/li>\r\n \t
                  • \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (I have prepared the report.) Note the difference from the Simple Past (\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> - came); the Present Perfect (\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b>) implies the person is still present or the state still exists.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                    19.8 Statements and Commands Using the Double Negative<\/h3>\r\nDouble negatives are frequently used for rhetorical emphasis or to express a strong positive obligation.\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/b> (Will not fail to come \/ Will certainly come.)<\/li>\r\n \t
                    • \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (Do not remain without doing \/ You must do it.) The construction involves the negative participle (-\u0d05\u0d24\u0d46<\/b>) followed by a negative verb. This is a common feature of formal or semi-formal office speech to underscore the necessity of a task.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                      Lesson 19 Exercises<\/h2>\r\nExercise 1: Translation Drill<\/b> Translate the following sentences into Malayalam, paying attention to office-specific vocabulary and the grammar points discussed above.\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      1. The officer has arrived at the office.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      2. Do not repeat these mistakes in the accounts.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      3. He keeps on saying that there is no work.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      4. Correct the report and bring it quickly.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      5. He is the person who did not come yesterday.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nExercise 2: Response Drill<\/b> Provide an affirmative response in the Present Perfect tense.\r\n\r\nModel:<\/b> Stimulus: \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b?<\/b> (Did you prepare the report?) Response: \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46, \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (Yes, I have prepared the report.)\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        1. \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4b?<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                        2. \u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4b?<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                        3. \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b?<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                        4. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d12\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nExercise 3: Transformation Drill (Positive Command to Forceful Negative)<\/b> Transform the following polite commands into forceful negative commands using -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b>.\r\n\r\nModel:<\/b> Stimulus: \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15.<\/b> (Please come here.) Response: \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d!<\/b> (Don't come here!)\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          1. \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                          2. \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d48\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                          3. \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                          4. \u0d08 \u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15.<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                            Reference List: Office Designations and Verbs<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                            Category<\/td>\r\nMalayalam<\/td>\r\nEnglish<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            Designation<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d47\u0d1c\u0d7c<\/td>\r\nManager<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            <\/td>\r\n\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nClerk<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            <\/td>\r\n\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d7a<\/td>\r\nPeon \/ Office Assistant<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            <\/td>\r\n\u0d38\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d31\u0d3f<\/td>\r\nSecretary<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            Verbs<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u0d12\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo sign<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            <\/td>\r\n\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo fill out (a form)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            <\/td>\r\n\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d7c\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo submit<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            <\/td>\r\n\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo examine \/ To verify<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n
                            \r\n\r\n
                            Lesson 20: The Onam Festival (\u0d13\u0d23\u0d02)<\/b><\/div>\r\n
                            Lesson 20: Conversation (transcription)<\/b><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24! \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b<\/span>.<\/span> (Suresh: Geeta! Onam is Kerala's biggest festival, isn't it<\/span>?)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: Yes. Onam is a time of harvest and happiness<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d38\u0d15\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d25\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?<\/span> (Suresh: I heard there is an interesting story about this. Isn't it about Emperor Mahabali?<\/span>)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1c\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: Yes. Long ago, Mahabali was the one who ruled Kerala. He loved his subjects very much<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/span>.<\/span> (Suresh: I have heard that everyone was happy under his rule<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d26\u0d47\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d36\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d38\u0d42\u0d2f \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: That's right. Even the gods felt jealous of his fame. They asked Lord Vishnu for help<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/span> (Suresh: Was it then that Vishnu came as Vamana?<\/span>)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d7b \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: Yes. Vamana asked for three paces of land. Mahabali agreed to that<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f?<\/span> (Suresh: Then what happened?<\/span>)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d33\u0d7c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d42\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d33\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d32 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: Vamana grew up to the sky. With two steps he measured the earth and the sky. When there was no place to put the third step, Mahabali showed his own head<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?<\/span> (Suresh: So Mahabali went to the netherworld, right?<\/span>)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d7c\u0d37\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1c\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d06 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: Yes. But Mahabali asked permission to come and see his subjects once a year. That day is Onam<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <\/span><\/div>\r\n
                            Lesson 20: Vocabulary (transcription)<\/b><\/div>\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            • \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 (oonam):<\/b> Onam, Kerala Harvest Festival<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d (vilaveduppu):<\/b> harvest<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02 (aaghoosham):<\/b> celebration \/ festival<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d30\u0d38\u0d15\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f (rasakaramaaya):<\/b> interesting<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d1a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f (chakravarthi):<\/b> emperor<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (bharikkuka):<\/b> to rule<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1c\u0d15\u0d7e (prajakal):<\/b> subjects \/ people<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7c (santhushthar):<\/b> happy people<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d36\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f (prashasthi):<\/b> fame<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d05\u0d38\u0d42\u0d2f (asooya):<\/b> jealousy<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d7b (vaamanan):<\/b> dwarf \/ 5th incarnation of Vishnu<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d05\u0d33\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (alakkuka):<\/b> to measure<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (sammathikkuka):<\/b> to agree<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02 (paathaalam):<\/b> netherworld \/ beneath the earth<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02 (anuvaatham):<\/b> permission<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                              -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <\/span><\/div>\r\n
                              Lesson 20: Grammar Notes (transcription)<\/b><\/div>\r\n
                              20.1 Adjectival\/Relative Clauses Formed with -aaya<\/b>:<\/b> Most relative clauses in Malayalam are formed using the participle <\/span>-aaya<\/i> (from <\/span>aakuka<\/i> - to be). It is used to turn an equative sentence into an adjective modifying a head noun<\/span>. For example, \"The good Emperor\" is rendered as <\/span>nallavanaaya chakravarthi<\/i>.<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                              20.5 The Passive Voice Construction<\/b>:<\/b> The passive is formed using the present stem of the verb followed by a form of <\/span>peduka<\/i> (to experience\/undergo)<\/span>. The original subject of the active sentence, if included, takes the instrumental case ending <\/span>-aal<\/i>.<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              • Example: <\/span>aaghooshikkappedunnu<\/i> (is being celebrated)<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                                20.7 Causative and Double Causative Verbs<\/b>:<\/b> Malayalam verbs often come in sets of three: Intransitive, Transitive\/Causative, and Double Causative<\/span>.<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                                  \r\n \t
                                • Intransitive:<\/b> nadakkuka<\/i> (to walk)<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                • Causative:<\/b> nadathuka<\/i> (to make someone walk \/ to conduct)<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                • Double Causative:<\/b> nadathippikkuka<\/i> (to have someone conduct something)<\/span>.\r\n<\/span><\/span>\r\n
                                  Lesson 20: The Onam Festival \u2014 Exercises<\/b><\/div>\r\n
                                  Exercise 1: Adjectival Phrases<\/b><\/div>\r\n
                                  Make the first noun in each pair into an adjective describing the second noun by using <\/span>-aaya<\/b> (\u0d06\u0d2f) as shown in the Reading Practice.<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  1. \u0d05\u0d02\u0d36\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d15\u0d32\u0d02<\/b> (amsham, akalam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d02\u0d36\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d15\u0d32\u0d02 (A partial distance)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                  2. \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f<\/b> (bhakthi, pravruthi) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f (A devotional act)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                  3. \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02, \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d32\u0d02<\/b> (sukham, sthalam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d32\u0d02 (A pleasant place)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                  4. \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02, \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f<\/b> (santhosham, vazhi) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f (A happy path)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                  5. \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02, \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b> (vivaaham, kaaryam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (A matter of marriage)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                  6. \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d38\u0d02\u0d17\u0d02<\/b> (pradhaanamanthri, prasangam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d38\u0d02\u0d17\u0d02 (The Prime Minister's speech)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                  7. \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02, \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/b> (santhosham, pusthakam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 (A happy book)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                  8. \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c, \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d02<\/b> (arivullavar, manobhaavam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d02 (A knowledgeable attitude)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                  9. \u0d38\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02, \u0d1c\u0d40\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d02<\/b> (sathyam, jeevitham) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d38\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d1c\u0d40\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d02 (A truthful life)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                  10. \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d, \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (pazhayathu, veedu) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d (An old house)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                  11. \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d35\u0d7b, \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3f<\/b> (nallavan, vidhi) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d35\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3f (A good fate)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
                                    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <\/span><\/div>\r\n
                                    Exercise 2: Causative Verbs<\/b><\/div>\r\n
                                    Transform the following sentences into <\/span>causatives<\/b>. Where a new subject is required, it is provided in parentheses.<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                                      \r\n \t
                                    1. \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d06 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d...)<\/span> (Those children read the newspaper every day.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (Making those children read the newspaper every day.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    2. \u0d07\u0d02\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d40\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d08 \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b...)<\/span> (The English Prime Minister sits in this office.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d02\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d40\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d08 \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (I make the English Prime Minister sit in this office.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    3. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b...)<\/span> (After a week's rest, they go to the city.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d12\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (I send them to the city after a week's rest.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    4. \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d35\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d47\u0d1c\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d...)<\/span> (They used to come to the newspaper office at 8 o'clock even on holidays.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d47\u0d1c\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (The manager used to make them come at 8 o'clock even on holidays.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    5. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02...)<\/span> (They were happy.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (Money made them happy.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    6. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d4b?<\/b> (\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e...)<\/span> (Were they able to give me the money?)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4b?<\/b> (Did you make them give me the money?)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    7. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e...)<\/span> (He learned everything in the book well.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (Mother informed\/taught him everything in the book well.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    8. \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b> (\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b...)<\/span> (Those children could not study.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b> (I did not teach those children.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    9. \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d36\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d26\u0d41\u0d03\u0d16\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d...)<\/span> (By fate, sorrow happens to us.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d26\u0d41\u0d03\u0d16\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (This causes us sorrow.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    10. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (They made him stay there.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (Present tense causative)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
                                      -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <\/span><\/div>\r\n
                                      Exercise 3: Passive to Active<\/b><\/div>\r\n
                                      Convert the following <\/span>passive<\/b> constructions into <\/span>active<\/b> sentences.<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                                        \r\n \t
                                      1. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d06 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b> (You were informed of that news long ago.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d06 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                      2. \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d7c)<\/span> (Onam is celebrated in these ways.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d7c \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                      3. \u0d08 \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d.<\/b> (This work is done in this manner.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d08 \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                      4. \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d25\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d47\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b> (Because those stories were not heard, no one came.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d25\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d47\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                      5. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02.<\/b> (Luckily, permission was somehow obtained.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                      6. \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (Everything here is clearly seen.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                      7. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02)<\/span> (They are well known to everyone.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                      8. \u0d08 \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d06 \u0d10\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b> (These letters were written by those legends.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d06 \u0d10\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d08 \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                      9. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b> (They were praised there.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                      10. \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f)<\/span> (Keralites do everything happily.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d30\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
                                        -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <\/span><\/div>\r\n
                                        Exercise 4: Translation<\/b><\/div>\r\n
                                        Translate the following English sentences into Malayalam.<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                                          \r\n \t
                                        1. The Rocky Mountains are in the Western part of America.<\/b> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d31\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d24\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                        2. \"Will you go by (in) train?\" \"No, by bus will be all right.\"<\/b> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \"\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b?\" \"\u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.\"<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                        3. After Alleppy the next city is Ernakulam.<\/b> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d06\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d34 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d28\u0d17\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d31\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d33\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                        4. Cannanore District is at the northern end of Kerala.<\/b> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d42\u0d7c \u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
                                          -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <\/span><\/div>\r\n
                                          Exercise 5: Reading Comprehension Questions<\/b><\/div>\r\n
                                          Prepare written Malayalam responses to the following questions.<\/span><\/div>\r\n
                                            \r\n \t
                                          1. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d?<\/b> (How many rooms are in your house?)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                          2. \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/b> (When does Onam come?)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                          3. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02?<\/b> (What do you know about Onam?)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                          4. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d?<\/b> (Which harvest festival is in your land?)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                          5. \u0d13\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d10\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/b> (Can you tell a legend of Onam?)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                          6. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d20\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d4b? \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d?<\/b> (Did you like this lesson? Why?)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                          7. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d46\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d?<\/b> (What important things are in a weekly?)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                          8. \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28 \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/b> (What is the main agriculture in Kerala?)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                          9. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/b> (Which Malayalam newspaper do you read?)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                          10. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d?<\/b> (What sports competitions are in your school?)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n ","rendered":"

                                            Print Pages 268\u2013289<\/b><\/p>\n

                                            Lesson 19 Vocabulary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                            Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d09\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d7b<\/td>\nOfficer \/ Official<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\nAccounts \/ Mathematics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nReport<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\nError \/ Mistake<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo correct \/ To edit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d35\u0d4d<\/td>\nLack of attention \/ Negligence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d06\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo repeat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d35\u0d48\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo be late \/ To delay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo give an explanation \/ To justify<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d26\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\nAnger<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f<\/td>\nWork \/ Task<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d36\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d02<\/td>\nSalary<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d12\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/td>\nSignature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d17\u0d57\u0d30\u0d35\u0d02<\/td>\nSeriousness \/ Gravity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                            Reading Practice<\/h2>\n

                                            The following exercise focuses on the visual recognition of verbal nouns ending in -\u0d7d<\/b> and repetitive verb forms where suffixes are joined to the present or past stems.<\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            • Verbal Nouns (-\u0d7d Suffix):<\/b>\n
                                                \n
                                              • \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7d (The act of doing)<\/li>\n
                                              • \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d (The act of writing)<\/li>\n
                                              • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d7d (The act of coming)<\/li>\n
                                              • \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d (The act of giving)<\/li>\n
                                              • \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d7d (The act of correcting)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                              • Graphic Patterns in Repetitive Forms (-\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15):<\/b>\n
                                                  \n
                                                • \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To keep on saying)<\/li>\n
                                                • \u0d28\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To keep on looking)<\/li>\n
                                                • \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To keep on coming)<\/li>\n
                                                • \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (To keep on doing)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                • Negative Verbal Adjectives:<\/b>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 (That which does not come)<\/li>\n
                                                  • \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 (That which does not do)<\/li>\n
                                                  • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 (Having no desire to go)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    Lesson 19 Conversation: Problems at the Office<\/h2>\n

                                                    \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d3e, \u0d08 \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/b> Raman, there are many mistakes in this report. Who prepared this?<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                    \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c? \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/b> Is that so, sir? I wrote that myself.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                    \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d35\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d24\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/b> One should not have this much lack of attention while working. Many of the accounts are wrong.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                    \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c. \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d40\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d48\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/b> Please forgive me, sir. Because it was late to finish the work, I did it quickly.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                    \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d30\u0d3e, \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d07\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d.<\/b> Doing it quickly is not enough; it must be correct. Do not repeat this hereafter.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                    \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b> Fine, sir. I will correct this and bring it right away.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                    \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d42. \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/b> Fine, come quickly. The “Sir” (higher official) is about to arrive. He needs this report immediately.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                    Grammar Notes<\/h2>\n

                                                    19.1 Mildness and Deference During Confrontation<\/h3>\n

                                                    In the hierarchy-conscious environment of a Kerala office, communication between subordinates and superiors is governed by sociolinguistic rules of deference. When a superior confronts a subordinate, they often avoid the most blunt imperatives, opting instead for the “Indirect Form” using -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (Section 19.2) or the modal -\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/b> (should not).<\/p>\n

                                                    Conversely, the subordinate must use markers of deference such as dative subjects (Section 4.1) or the polite assertive marker -\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b<\/b> to soften their own explanations. Directly contradicting a superior is avoided; instead, an explanation (\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02) is offered, often preceded by a request for forgiveness (\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02).<\/p>\n

                                                    19.2 The Familiar \/ Forceful Negative Command Form<\/h3>\n

                                                    The negative command form -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> is used to express a forceful prohibition. While -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> is inherently less polite than the forms learned in Lesson 18, it is the standard way a superior issues a firm warning to a subordinate.<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (Don’t do!)<\/li>\n
                                                    • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (Don’t go!) This form is constructed by adding -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> to the base verb stem. When used with a social superior, it would be considered rude; in those cases, the polite negative -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d47<\/b> or a more circumspect indirect construction is required.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      19.3 Summing Up the Uses of the Verbal Noun in -\u0d7d<\/h3>\n

                                                      The suffix -\u0d7d<\/b> creates a verbal noun that denotes the act or process of the verb. This is distinct from the -\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> verbal noun which often refers to the fact of the action.<\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      • \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d<\/b> (Writing \/ The process of writing)<\/li>\n
                                                      • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7d<\/b> (Buying \/ The act of purchasing) In office terminology, these nouns are frequent: \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d32\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e<\/b> (transactions\/give and take). These nouns can function as the subject of an equative sentence or the object of a verb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        19.4 The Repetitive Verbform with -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/h3>\n

                                                        To indicate that an action is performed repeatedly or continuously over a period of time, Malayalam employs the construction: Past Participle + \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47 + \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b>.<\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        • \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> (Keeps on telling)<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d28\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> (Keeps on looking) The particle -\u0d0f<\/b> attached to the conjunctive participle -\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> provides the emphatic “keep on” sense. This form is common when describing ongoing office problems or habitual errors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          19.5 Negative Verbal Adjectives and Nouns<\/h3>\n

                                                          Negative verbal adjectives are formed by adding -\u0d06\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24<\/b> to the verb stem.<\/p>\n

                                                            \n
                                                          • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d06\u0d7e<\/b> (The person who does not come)<\/li>\n
                                                          • \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/b> (The child who does not study) These adjectives can be turned into nouns by adding personal endings, such as \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d35\u0d7b<\/b> (he who does not come) or \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (that which is not done). In a professional context, this is used to describe tasks left undone or delinquent employees.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                            19.6 Relative Clause with Personal Relative Pronouns<\/h3>\n

                                                            Unlike English, which uses “who” or “which,” Malayalam forms relative clauses primarily through verbal adjectives (see Lesson 8.2). However, for specific emphasis or in complex sentences, personal relative pronouns (\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c) follow the verbal adjective to ground the description in a specific person. Example: \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d36\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b> (Salary will not be given to those who do not do work.)<\/p>\n

                                                            19.7 The Present Perfect Verbform<\/h3>\n

                                                            The Present Perfect indicates an action that was completed in the past but has continuing relevance in the present. It is formed by the Past Participle + \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b>.<\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            • \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (He has arrived\/is here now.)<\/li>\n
                                                            • \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (I have prepared the report.) Note the difference from the Simple Past (\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> – came); the Present Perfect (\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b>) implies the person is still present or the state still exists.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                              19.8 Statements and Commands Using the Double Negative<\/h3>\n

                                                              Double negatives are frequently used for rhetorical emphasis or to express a strong positive obligation.<\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/b> (Will not fail to come \/ Will certainly come.)<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b> (Do not remain without doing \/ You must do it.) The construction involves the negative participle (-\u0d05\u0d24\u0d46<\/b>) followed by a negative verb. This is a common feature of formal or semi-formal office speech to underscore the necessity of a task.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                Lesson 19 Exercises<\/h2>\n

                                                                Exercise 1: Translation Drill<\/b> Translate the following sentences into Malayalam, paying attention to office-specific vocabulary and the grammar points discussed above.<\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                1. The officer has arrived at the office.<\/li>\n
                                                                2. Do not repeat these mistakes in the accounts.<\/li>\n
                                                                3. He keeps on saying that there is no work.<\/li>\n
                                                                4. Correct the report and bring it quickly.<\/li>\n
                                                                5. He is the person who did not come yesterday.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                  Exercise 2: Response Drill<\/b> Provide an affirmative response in the Present Perfect tense.<\/p>\n

                                                                  Model:<\/b> Stimulus: \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b?<\/b> (Did you prepare the report?) Response: \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46, \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (Yes, I have prepared the report.)<\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4b?<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                  2. \u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4b?<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                  3. \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b?<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                  4. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d12\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                    Exercise 3: Transformation Drill (Positive Command to Forceful Negative)<\/b> Transform the following polite commands into forceful negative commands using -\u0d05\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b>.<\/p>\n

                                                                    Model:<\/b> Stimulus: \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15.<\/b> (Please come here.) Response: \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d!<\/b> (Don’t come here!)<\/p>\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                    2. \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d48\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                    3. \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                    4. \u0d08 \u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                      Reference List: Office Designations and Verbs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                      Category<\/td>\nMalayalam<\/td>\nEnglish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      Designation<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d47\u0d1c\u0d7c<\/td>\nManager<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      <\/td>\n\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\nClerk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      <\/td>\n\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d7a<\/td>\nPeon \/ Office Assistant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      <\/td>\n\u0d38\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d31\u0d3f<\/td>\nSecretary<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      Verbs<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d12\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo sign<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      <\/td>\n\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo fill out (a form)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      <\/td>\n\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d7c\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo submit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      <\/td>\n\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo examine \/ To verify<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                      Lesson 20: The Onam Festival (\u0d13\u0d23\u0d02)<\/b><\/div>\n
                                                                      Lesson 20: Conversation (transcription)<\/b><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24! \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b<\/span>.<\/span> (Suresh: Geeta! Onam is Kerala’s biggest festival, isn’t it<\/span>?)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: Yes. Onam is a time of harvest and happiness<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d38\u0d15\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d25\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?<\/span> (Suresh: I heard there is an interesting story about this. Isn’t it about Emperor Mahabali?<\/span>)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1c\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: Yes. Long ago, Mahabali was the one who ruled Kerala. He loved his subjects very much<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/span>.<\/span> (Suresh: I have heard that everyone was happy under his rule<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d26\u0d47\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d36\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d38\u0d42\u0d2f \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: That’s right. Even the gods felt jealous of his fame. They asked Lord Vishnu for help<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/span> (Suresh: Was it then that Vishnu came as Vamana?<\/span>)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d7b \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: Yes. Vamana asked for three paces of land. Mahabali agreed to that<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f?<\/span> (Suresh: Then what happened?<\/span>)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d33\u0d7c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d42\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d33\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d32 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: Vamana grew up to the sky. With two steps he measured the earth and the sky. When there was no place to put the third step, Mahabali showed his own head<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d38\u0d41\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?<\/span> (Suresh: So Mahabali went to the netherworld, right?<\/span>)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      \u0d17\u0d40\u0d24:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d24\u0d46. \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d7c\u0d37\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d7b\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1c\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d06 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02<\/span>.<\/span> (Geeta: Yes. But Mahabali asked permission to come and see his subjects once a year. That day is Onam<\/span>.)<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      ——————————————————————————– <\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                      Lesson 20: Vocabulary (transcription)<\/b><\/div>\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 (oonam):<\/b> Onam, Kerala Harvest Festival<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d (vilaveduppu):<\/b> harvest<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02 (aaghoosham):<\/b> celebration \/ festival<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d30\u0d38\u0d15\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f (rasakaramaaya):<\/b> interesting<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d1a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f (chakravarthi):<\/b> emperor<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (bharikkuka):<\/b> to rule<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1c\u0d15\u0d7e (prajakal):<\/b> subjects \/ people<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7c (santhushthar):<\/b> happy people<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d36\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f (prashasthi):<\/b> fame<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d05\u0d38\u0d42\u0d2f (asooya):<\/b> jealousy<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d7b (vaamanan):<\/b> dwarf \/ 5th incarnation of Vishnu<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d05\u0d33\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (alakkuka):<\/b> to measure<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (sammathikkuka):<\/b> to agree<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02 (paathaalam):<\/b> netherworld \/ beneath the earth<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02 (anuvaatham):<\/b> permission<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                        ——————————————————————————– <\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                        Lesson 20: Grammar Notes (transcription)<\/b><\/div>\n
                                                                        20.1 Adjectival\/Relative Clauses Formed with -aaya<\/b>:<\/b> Most relative clauses in Malayalam are formed using the participle <\/span>-aaya<\/i> (from <\/span>aakuka<\/i> – to be). It is used to turn an equative sentence into an adjective modifying a head noun<\/span>. For example, “The good Emperor” is rendered as <\/span>nallavanaaya chakravarthi<\/i>.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                        20.5 The Passive Voice Construction<\/b>:<\/b> The passive is formed using the present stem of the verb followed by a form of <\/span>peduka<\/i> (to experience\/undergo)<\/span>. The original subject of the active sentence, if included, takes the instrumental case ending <\/span>-aal<\/i>.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        • Example: <\/span>aaghooshikkappedunnu<\/i> (is being celebrated)<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                          20.7 Causative and Double Causative Verbs<\/b>:<\/b> Malayalam verbs often come in sets of three: Intransitive, Transitive\/Causative, and Double Causative<\/span>.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          • Intransitive:<\/b> nadakkuka<\/i> (to walk)<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                          • Causative:<\/b> nadathuka<\/i> (to make someone walk \/ to conduct)<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                          • Double Causative:<\/b> nadathippikkuka<\/i> (to have someone conduct something)<\/span>.
                                                                            \n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
                                                                            Lesson 20: The Onam Festival \u2014 Exercises<\/b><\/div>\n
                                                                            Exercise 1: Adjectival Phrases<\/b><\/div>\n
                                                                            Make the first noun in each pair into an adjective describing the second noun by using <\/span>-aaya<\/b> (\u0d06\u0d2f) as shown in the Reading Practice.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            1. \u0d05\u0d02\u0d36\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d15\u0d32\u0d02<\/b> (amsham, akalam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d02\u0d36\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d15\u0d32\u0d02 (A partial distance)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                            2. \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f<\/b> (bhakthi, pravruthi) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f (A devotional act)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                            3. \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02, \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d32\u0d02<\/b> (sukham, sthalam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d32\u0d02 (A pleasant place)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                            4. \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02, \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f<\/b> (santhosham, vazhi) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f (A happy path)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                            5. \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02, \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b> (vivaaham, kaaryam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 (A matter of marriage)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                            6. \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d38\u0d02\u0d17\u0d02<\/b> (pradhaanamanthri, prasangam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d38\u0d02\u0d17\u0d02 (The Prime Minister’s speech)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                            7. \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02, \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/b> (santhosham, pusthakam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 (A happy book)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                            8. \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d7c, \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d02<\/b> (arivullavar, manobhaavam) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d02 (A knowledgeable attitude)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                            9. \u0d38\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02, \u0d1c\u0d40\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d02<\/b> (sathyam, jeevitham) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d38\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d1c\u0d40\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d02 (A truthful life)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                            10. \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d, \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (pazhayathu, veedu) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d (An old house)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                            11. \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d35\u0d7b, \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3f<\/b> (nallavan, vidhi) <\/span>\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d35\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3f (A good fate)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                                              ——————————————————————————– <\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                              Exercise 2: Causative Verbs<\/b><\/div>\n
                                                                              Transform the following sentences into <\/span>causatives<\/b>. Where a new subject is required, it is provided in parentheses.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d06 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d…)<\/span> (Those children read the newspaper every day.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (Making those children read the newspaper every day.)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                              2. \u0d07\u0d02\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d40\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d08 \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b…)<\/span> (The English Prime Minister sits in this office.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d02\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d40\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d08 \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (I make the English Prime Minister sit in this office.)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                              3. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b…)<\/span> (After a week’s rest, they go to the city.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d12\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (I send them to the city after a week’s rest.)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                              4. \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d35\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d47\u0d1c\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d…)<\/span> (They used to come to the newspaper office at 8 o’clock even on holidays.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d47\u0d1c\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (The manager used to make them come at 8 o’clock even on holidays.)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                              5. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02…)<\/span> (They were happy.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (Money made them happy.)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                              6. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d4b?<\/b> (\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e…)<\/span> (Were they able to give me the money?)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4b?<\/b> (Did you make them give me the money?)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                              7. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e…)<\/span> (He learned everything in the book well.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (Mother informed\/taught him everything in the book well.)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                              8. \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b> (\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b…)<\/span> (Those children could not study.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b> (I did not teach those children.)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                              9. \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d36\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d26\u0d41\u0d03\u0d16\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d…)<\/span> (By fate, sorrow happens to us.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d26\u0d41\u0d03\u0d16\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (This causes us sorrow.)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                              10. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (They made him stay there.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (Present tense causative)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                                                ——————————————————————————– <\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                                Exercise 3: Passive to Active<\/b><\/div>\n
                                                                                Convert the following <\/span>passive<\/b> constructions into <\/span>active<\/b> sentences.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d06 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b> (You were informed of that news long ago.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d06 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                2. \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d7c)<\/span> (Onam is celebrated in these ways.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d7c \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                3. \u0d08 \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d.<\/b> (This work is done in this manner.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d08 \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                4. \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d25\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d47\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b> (Because those stories were not heard, no one came.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d06 \u0d15\u0d25\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d47\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                5. \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02.<\/b> (Luckily, permission was somehow obtained.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                6. \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (Everything here is clearly seen.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                7. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02)<\/span> (They are well known to everyone.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                8. \u0d08 \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d06 \u0d10\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b> (These letters were written by those legends.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d06 \u0d10\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d08 \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                9. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b> (They were praised there.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                10. \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (\u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f)<\/span> (Keralites do everything happily.)<\/span> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d30\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                                                  ——————————————————————————– <\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                                  Exercise 4: Translation<\/b><\/div>\n
                                                                                  Translate the following English sentences into Malayalam.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  1. The Rocky Mountains are in the Western part of America.<\/b> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d31\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d24\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                  2. “Will you go by (in) train?” “No, by bus will be all right.”<\/b> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> “\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b?” “\u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.”<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                  3. After Alleppy the next city is Ernakulam.<\/b> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d06\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d34 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d28\u0d17\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d31\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d33\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                  4. Cannanore District is at the northern end of Kerala.<\/b> \u2192<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d42\u0d7c \u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                                                    ——————————————————————————– <\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                                    Exercise 5: Reading Comprehension Questions<\/b><\/div>\n
                                                                                    Prepare written Malayalam responses to the following questions.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    1. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d?<\/b> (How many rooms are in your house?)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                    2. \u0d13\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/b> (When does Onam come?)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                    3. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02?<\/b> (What do you know about Onam?)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                    4. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d35\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d?<\/b> (Which harvest festival is in your land?)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                    5. \u0d13\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d10\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/b> (Can you tell a legend of Onam?)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                    6. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d20\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d4b? \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d?<\/b> (Did you like this lesson? Why?)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                    7. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d46\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d?<\/b> (What important things are in a weekly?)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                    8. \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28 \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/b> (What is the main agriculture in Kerala?)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                    9. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/b> (Which Malayalam newspaper do you read?)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                    10. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d?<\/b> (What sports competitions are in your school?)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

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