{"id":54,"date":"2026-05-11T20:13:31","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T19:13:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-sixteen\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T09:30:40","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T08:30:40","slug":"lesson-sixteen","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-sixteen\/","title":{"raw":"LESSON SIXTEEN","rendered":"LESSON SIXTEEN"},"content":{"raw":"

1. Lesson 16 Vocabulary<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Malayalam<\/td>\r\nEnglish<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24<\/td>\r\nMarket<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nThere certainly is \/ are<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d<\/td>\r\nBrahmin Hotel<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47<\/td>\r\nDon't you know? (requires dative subject)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\r\nI \/ you know<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\r\nBehind \/ in back of<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\r\nTemple<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\r\nWill see \/ will be found<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02<\/td>\r\nBeyond \/ on the other side<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02<\/td>\r\nBefore \/ on this side of<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d3f<\/td>\r\nCloth \/ clothing<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d02<\/td>\r\nA lot \/ many<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d37\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nShirt<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f<\/td>\r\nSari<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\r\nWant to get \/ buy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e<\/td>\r\nSchool<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\r\nOpposite \/ in front of<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f<\/td>\r\nLook \/ find out<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\r\nWill ask<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nFrom there<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\r\nGood<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

2. Reading Practice (Visual Pattern Training)<\/h2>\r\nNote to Students:<\/b> These graphic units are for eye training. Read them rapidly as \"word groups\" to recognize how grammatical markers and postpositions attach to nouns. Focus on the visual recognition of these patterns.\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d -> \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t
  • \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d -> \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t
  • \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02 -> \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t
  • \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02 -> \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t
  • \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 -> \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t
  • \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d -> \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t
  • \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d02 -> \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t
  • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02 -> \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t
  • \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e -> \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/li>\r\n \t
  • \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02 -> \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

    3. Lesson 16 Conversation<\/h2>\r\nContext:<\/b> Inquiring for directions to the market and local landmarks. Note the deletion of subject pronouns and existential fillers typical of informal Malayalam speech.\r\n\r\nA: \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/b>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • Is (there) a market this way?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nB: \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?<\/b>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • Yes. Don't (you) know the Brahmin Hotel?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nA: \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • (I) know (it).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nB: \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b>\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • (There) is a small market behind the hotel. (One) can buy cloth from there.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nA: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/b>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • Will saris be seen (be available) there?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nB: \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d37\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b>\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • Saris will be (there), and shirts will be seen (too). There are a lot of clothes there.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nA: \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d4b\u0d39\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/b>\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • (I) have a desire to buy a sari. Where is the school?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nB: \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b>\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • (The) school is in front of the temple. Let's find out (by) asking there.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nA: \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b>\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    • Okay, (let's) buy from there.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

                      4. Detailed Grammar Notes<\/h2>\r\n

                      16.1 The Special Adjective of -am Final Nouns<\/h2>\r\nNouns ending in -am<\/b> (\u0d05\u0d02), such as \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/b> (kshethram - temple), undergo a specific transformation when functioning as adjectives. The final -am<\/b> is typically replaced with the augment -ath-<\/b> (\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24) to modify a following noun.\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      • \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/b> (temple) + \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/b> (courtyard) = \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/b> (temple courtyard).<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/b> (book) + \u0d36\u0d3e\u0d32<\/b> (room\/hall) = \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d36\u0d3e\u0d32<\/b> (bookstore).<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d02<\/b> (form) + \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/b> (change) = \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/b> (change of form).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                        16.2 The Subjectless Construction<\/h2>\r\nIn Malayalam, certain verbs expressing knowledge, necessity, or feelings use a \"subjectless\" syntax. The logical subject (the experiencer) is placed in the Dative case, while the thing known or needed is in the Nominative.\r\n\r\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02. (To me it is known \/ I know.) \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d37\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (To him a good shirt is wanted \/ He wants a good shirt.)\r\n

                        16.3 The Use of \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d15 (kaannuka) as a Subjectless Verb<\/h2>\r\nThe verb \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to see), in its potential\/habitual form \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d02<\/b>, often functions impersonally to mean \"is available,\" \"is found,\" or \"can be seen.\"\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b> (Saris will be found there \/ One can see saris there.)<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • This construction emphasizes availability rather than the act of looking.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                          16.4 The Special Possessive Ending -\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 (-ru\u1e6de)<\/h2>\r\nThe possessive suffix -\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (-ru\u1e6de<\/i> or -ru\u1e6d\u0113<\/i>) is restricted to human nouns, primarily in the plural, or pronouns referring to groups of people. This distinguishes human collective possession from the general -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b> suffix used for inanimate objects or singular humans.\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          • \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (of the children)<\/li>\r\n \t
                          • \u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (of the teachers)<\/li>\r\n \t
                          • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (their \/ of them)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                            16.5 Adding \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 (ennu-uLLa) to Verbforms<\/h2>\r\nThe quotative particle \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (ennu<\/i>) combines with the relative participle \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33<\/b> (uLLa<\/i> - \"which is\") to create complex descriptive clauses that attribute a condition or identity to a noun.\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02<\/b> (the belief that [someone] will come).<\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b> (the matter that [it] exists).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

                              5. Lesson 16 Exercises<\/h2>\r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              1. Information Questions<\/b> Respond in Malayalam to the following questions based on the dialogue.\r\n
                                  \r\n \t
                                1. \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d? ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                3. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d? ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                4. \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? ____<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                5. Dative Subject Drill<\/b> Transform the following sentences by putting the subject into the dative case and using the appropriate verb form.\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b (\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  2. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  3. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e (\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  4. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b (\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  5. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  6. Possessive Transformations<\/b> Apply the correct possessive ending (-\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> or -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b>).\r\n
                                      \r\n \t
                                    1. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e (\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    2. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b (\u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d) -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    3. \u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7c (\u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d4d) -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    4. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e (\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f) -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    5. \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e (\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d) -> ____<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    6. Reading Comprehension<\/b> Read the following sentences and translate them into English, noting the case endings.\r\n
                                        \r\n \t
                                      1. \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      2. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      3. \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      4. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      5. Translation: English to Malayalam<\/b>\r\n
                                          \r\n \t
                                        1. I know that Brahmin Hotel. -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                        2. Is there a temple behind the market? -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                        3. He wants to buy a shirt. -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                        4. There is a small school opposite the temple. -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                        5. We can ask there. -> ____<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                        6. Response Practice<\/b> Provide a negative response using assertive markers (-\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b \/ -\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b<\/b>) where appropriate.\r\n
                                            \r\n \t
                                          1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          2. \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b? -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          3. \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b? -> ____<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          4. Writing Practice: Joining Words<\/b> Combine the following using Unicode script rules for modern Malayalam.\r\n
                                              \r\n \t
                                            1. \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 + \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            2. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d + \u0d07\u0d7d -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            3. \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02 + \u0d09\u0d02 -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            4. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e + \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 -> ____<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            5. Pattern Recognition<\/b> Identify the adjectival forms of the following \"-am\" final nouns by adding the augment.\r\n
                                                \r\n \t
                                              1. \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d02 -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                              2. \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d02 -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                              3. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d02 -> ____<\/li>\r\n \t
                                              4. \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 -> ____<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                              5. Fill in the Blanks<\/b>\r\n
                                                  \r\n \t
                                                1. \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d ____ \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47? (you - dative)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                2. \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d ____ \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e. (opposite \/ in front of)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                3. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d ____ \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24. (behind)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                4. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f ____. (want to buy)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

                                                  6. Mini-Lesson E: Casual Speech Patterns<\/h2>\r\nMini-Lesson E details how formal grammar collapses into the \"salient features\" of casual, rapid Malayalam speech.\r\n\r\n1. Vowel Deletion (Elision):<\/b> In rapid speech, the final \"u\" (echo vowel) often disappears when the following word begins with a vowel.\r\n
                                                    \r\n \t
                                                  • Formal:<\/i> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (Varunnu + untu)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Casual:<\/i> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (The double 'n' cluster absorbs the transition).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n2. Verb Contractions:<\/b> The existential\/habitual marker \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (u\u1e47\u1e6du<\/i>) frequently contracts to a simple \u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (-\u1e47\u1e6du<\/i>) when attached to other verbal elements.\r\n
                                                      \r\n \t
                                                    • Formal:<\/i> \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (p\u014dkunnu-u\u1e47\u1e6du)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                    • Casual:<\/i> \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (p\u014dkunnu\u1e47\u1e6du)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n3. Sound Changes in Quotatives:<\/b> The particle \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (ennu<\/i>) is often reduced to a nasalized \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> (-nnu<\/i>) or \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-nn<\/i>) in informal conversation.\r\n
                                                        \r\n \t
                                                      • Formal:<\/i> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                      • Casual:<\/i> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4a\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02<\/b> (Note the change of uLLa<\/i> to oLLa<\/i> in some dialects).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n4. Pronunciation of Possessives:<\/b> The human plural possessive -\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (-ru\u1e6de<\/i>) is often pronounced with a shortened final vowel in rapid speech, appearing almost as -ru\u1e0de<\/i>.","rendered":"

                                                        1. Lesson 16 Vocabulary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                        Malayalam<\/td>\nEnglish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24<\/td>\nMarket<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nThere certainly is \/ are<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d<\/td>\nBrahmin Hotel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47<\/td>\nDon’t you know? (requires dative subject)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\nI \/ you know<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\nBehind \/ in back of<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\nTemple<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\nWill see \/ will be found<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02<\/td>\nBeyond \/ on the other side<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02<\/td>\nBefore \/ on this side of<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d3f<\/td>\nCloth \/ clothing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d02<\/td>\nA lot \/ many<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d37\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nShirt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f<\/td>\nSari<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\nWant to get \/ buy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e<\/td>\nSchool<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\nOpposite \/ in front of<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f<\/td>\nLook \/ find out<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\nWill ask<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/td>\nFrom there<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\nGood<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                        ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                                                        2. Reading Practice (Visual Pattern Training)<\/h2>\n

                                                        Note to Students:<\/b> These graphic units are for eye training. Read them rapidly as “word groups” to recognize how grammatical markers and postpositions attach to nouns. Focus on the visual recognition of these patterns.<\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        • \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d -> \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d -> \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02 -> \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02 -> \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 -> \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d -> \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d02 -> \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02 -> \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e -> \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02 -> \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                                                          3. Lesson 16 Conversation<\/h2>\n

                                                          Context:<\/b> Inquiring for directions to the market and local landmarks. Note the deletion of subject pronouns and existential fillers typical of informal Malayalam speech.<\/p>\n

                                                          A: \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                            \n
                                                          • Is (there) a market this way?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                            B: \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            • Yes. Don’t (you) know the Brahmin Hotel?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                              A: \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • (I) know (it).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                B: \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                • (There) is a small market behind the hotel. (One) can buy cloth from there.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                  A: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  • Will saris be seen (be available) there?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                    B: \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d37\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d02. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    • Saris will be (there), and shirts will be seen (too). There are a lot of clothes there.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                      A: \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d4b\u0d39\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                        \n
                                                                      • (I) have a desire to buy a sari. Where is the school?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                        B: \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        • (The) school is in front of the temple. Let’s find out (by) asking there.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                          A: \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/b><\/p>\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          • Okay, (let’s) buy from there.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                            ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                                                                            4. Detailed Grammar Notes<\/h2>\n

                                                                            16.1 The Special Adjective of -am Final Nouns<\/h2>\n

                                                                            Nouns ending in -am<\/b> (\u0d05\u0d02), such as \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/b> (kshethram – temple), undergo a specific transformation when functioning as adjectives. The final -am<\/b> is typically replaced with the augment -ath-<\/b> (\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24) to modify a following noun.<\/p>\n

                                                                              \n
                                                                            • \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02<\/b> (temple) + \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/b> (courtyard) = \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/b> (temple courtyard).<\/li>\n
                                                                            • \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/b> (book) + \u0d36\u0d3e\u0d32<\/b> (room\/hall) = \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d36\u0d3e\u0d32<\/b> (bookstore).<\/li>\n
                                                                            • \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d02<\/b> (form) + \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/b> (change) = \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/b> (change of form).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                              16.2 The Subjectless Construction<\/h2>\n

                                                                              In Malayalam, certain verbs expressing knowledge, necessity, or feelings use a “subjectless” syntax. The logical subject (the experiencer) is placed in the Dative case, while the thing known or needed is in the Nominative.<\/p>\n

                                                                              \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02. (To me it is known \/ I know.) \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d37\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (To him a good shirt is wanted \/ He wants a good shirt.)<\/p>\n

                                                                              16.3 The Use of \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d15 (kaannuka) as a Subjectless Verb<\/h2>\n

                                                                              The verb \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to see), in its potential\/habitual form \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d02<\/b>, often functions impersonally to mean “is available,” “is found,” or “can be seen.”<\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b> (Saris will be found there \/ One can see saris there.)<\/li>\n
                                                                              • This construction emphasizes availability rather than the act of looking.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                16.4 The Special Possessive Ending -\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 (-ru\u1e6de)<\/h2>\n

                                                                                The possessive suffix -\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (-ru\u1e6de<\/i> or -ru\u1e6d\u0113<\/i>) is restricted to human nouns, primarily in the plural, or pronouns referring to groups of people. This distinguishes human collective possession from the general -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b> suffix used for inanimate objects or singular humans.<\/p>\n

                                                                                  \n
                                                                                • \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (of the children)<\/li>\n
                                                                                • \u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (of the teachers)<\/li>\n
                                                                                • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (their \/ of them)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                  16.5 Adding \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 (ennu-uLLa) to Verbforms<\/h2>\n

                                                                                  The quotative particle \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (ennu<\/i>) combines with the relative participle \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33<\/b> (uLLa<\/i> – “which is”) to create complex descriptive clauses that attribute a condition or identity to a noun.<\/p>\n

                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02<\/b> (the belief that [someone] will come).<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b> (the matter that [it] exists).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                    ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                                                                                    5. Lesson 16 Exercises<\/h2>\n
                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    1. Information Questions<\/b> Respond in Malayalam to the following questions based on the dialogue.\n
                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      1. \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                      2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d? ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                      3. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d? ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                      4. \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? ____<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                      5. Dative Subject Drill<\/b> Transform the following sentences by putting the subject into the dative case and using the appropriate verb form.\n
                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b (\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                        2. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                        3. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e (\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                        4. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b (\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                        5. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                        6. Possessive Transformations<\/b> Apply the correct possessive ending (-\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> or -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b>).\n
                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          1. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e (\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02) -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                          2. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b (\u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d) -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                          3. \u0d05\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d7c (\u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d4d) -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                          4. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e (\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f) -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                          5. \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e (\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d) -> ____<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                          6. Reading Comprehension<\/b> Read the following sentences and translate them into English, noting the case endings.\n
                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            1. \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            2. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            3. \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            4. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                            5. Translation: English to Malayalam<\/b>\n
                                                                                                \n
                                                                                              1. I know that Brahmin Hotel. -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                              2. Is there a temple behind the market? -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                              3. He wants to buy a shirt. -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                              4. There is a small school opposite the temple. -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                              5. We can ask there. -> ____<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                              6. Response Practice<\/b> Provide a negative response using assertive markers (-\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b \/ -\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b<\/b>) where appropriate.\n
                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                                2. \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b? -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                                3. \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b? -> ____<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                4. Writing Practice: Joining Words<\/b> Combine the following using Unicode script rules for modern Malayalam.\n
                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                  1. \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 + \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  2. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d + \u0d07\u0d7d -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  3. \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d02 + \u0d09\u0d02 -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  4. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e + \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 -> ____<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  5. Pattern Recognition<\/b> Identify the adjectival forms of the following “-am” final nouns by adding the augment.\n
                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                    1. \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d02 -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    2. \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d02 -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    3. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d02 -> ____<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    4. \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 -> ____<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    5. Fill in the Blanks<\/b>\n
                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                      1. \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d ____ \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47? (you – dative)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      2. \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d ____ \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e. (opposite \/ in front of)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      3. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d ____ \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24. (behind)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      4. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f ____. (want to buy)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                        ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                                                                                                        6. Mini-Lesson E: Casual Speech Patterns<\/h2>\n

                                                                                                        Mini-Lesson E details how formal grammar collapses into the “salient features” of casual, rapid Malayalam speech.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                        1. Vowel Deletion (Elision):<\/b> In rapid speech, the final “u” (echo vowel) often disappears when the following word begins with a vowel.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                        • Formal:<\/i> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (Varunnu + untu)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Casual:<\/i> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (The double ‘n’ cluster absorbs the transition).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                          2. Verb Contractions:<\/b> The existential\/habitual marker \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (u\u1e47\u1e6du<\/i>) frequently contracts to a simple \u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (-\u1e47\u1e6du<\/i>) when attached to other verbal elements.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                          • Formal:<\/i> \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (p\u014dkunnu-u\u1e47\u1e6du)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                          • Casual:<\/i> \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (p\u014dkunnu\u1e47\u1e6du)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                            3. Sound Changes in Quotatives:<\/b> The particle \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (ennu<\/i>) is often reduced to a nasalized \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b> (-nnu<\/i>) or \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-nn<\/i>) in informal conversation.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                            • Formal:<\/i> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • Casual:<\/i> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4a\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02<\/b> (Note the change of uLLa<\/i> to oLLa<\/i> in some dialects).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                              4. Pronunciation of Possessives:<\/b> The human plural possessive -\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (-ru\u1e6de<\/i>) is often pronounced with a shortened final vowel in rapid speech, appearing almost as -ru\u1e0de<\/i>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":17,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-54","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/54","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/54\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":148,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/54\/revisions\/148"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/54\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=54"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=54"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=54"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}