{"id":52,"date":"2026-05-11T19:56:05","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T18:56:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-15\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T09:29:46","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T08:29:46","slug":"lesson-15","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-15\/","title":{"raw":"Lesson 15\u00a0 Seeing People Off at the Bus Stop","rendered":"Lesson 15\u00a0 Seeing People Off at the Bus Stop"},"content":{"raw":"<b>1. LESSON OVERVIEW AND METADATA<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Lesson Number:<\/b> LESSON FIFTEEN<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Primary Title:<\/b> Seeing People Off at the Bus Stop<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Print Page Range:<\/b> Page 212 to 228<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Licensing:<\/b> Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Source Work:<\/b> <i>Malayalam: A University Course and Reference Grammar<\/i> by Rodney F. Moag.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<b>2. VOCABULARY (PRINT PAGE 212)<\/b>\r\n<table border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Malayalam Word (Unicode)<\/td>\r\n<td>English Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\n<td>To see someone off<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\n<td>To seem \/ To feel<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/td>\r\n<td>Happiness \/ Pleasure<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d02<\/td>\r\n<td>Difficulty \/ Sadness<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d38\u0d57\u0d15\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\r\n<td>Convenience<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/td>\r\n<td>Bus stop<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d<\/td>\r\n<td>Bus stand<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\r\n<td>Both<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>-\u0d09\u0d02 ... -\u0d09\u0d02<\/td>\r\n<td>Both ... and<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/td>\r\n<td>Vehicle \/ Bus \/ Train<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\r\n<td>Distance<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46<\/td>\r\n<td>Early \/ Before<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d02<\/td>\r\n<td>Stay \/ Delay<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\n<td>To start out \/ To depart<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\r\n<td>Everyone<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<b>3. READING PRACTICE<\/b>\r\n\r\n<b>Identify visual patterns and grammatical markers within the following Unicode script groups. Pay close attention to the attachment of verbal adjectives to nouns and the case-inflected forms of verbal nouns.<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d7e \/ \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d7e \/ \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d7e<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \/ \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \/ \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \/ \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \/ \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \/ \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \/ \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \/ \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \/ \u0d35\u0d30\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<b>4. LESSON FIFTEEN CONVERSATION (MALAYALAM AND ENGLISH)<\/b>\r\n<table border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Speaker<\/td>\r\n<td>Malayalam Script (Unicode)<\/td>\r\n<td>English Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>A<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02, \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/td>\r\n<td>Hello, who did you come to see off?<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>B<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/td>\r\n<td>I came to see off my friend.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>A<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/td>\r\n<td>Where is the friend going?<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>B<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/td>\r\n<td>He is going to Thiruvananthapuram.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>A<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02?<\/td>\r\n<td>When will the bus leave?<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>B<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02.<\/td>\r\n<td>It will leave in ten minutes.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>A<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d57\u0d15\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/td>\r\n<td>Is the journey convenient?<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>B<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d46, \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d38\u0d57\u0d15\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/td>\r\n<td>Yes, there is good convenience in this vehicle.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>A<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/td>\r\n<td>Is everyone happy?<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>B<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d46, \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/td>\r\n<td>Yes, everyone is happy.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>A<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d15\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46.<\/td>\r\n<td>Fine, let the journey be pleasant.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>B<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f.<\/td>\r\n<td>Thank you.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<b>5. GRAMMAR NOTES (PRINT PAGES 219-225)<\/b>\r\n<h3>15.1 Cleft Sentences with Non-emphatic Order<\/h3>\r\nCleft sentences use the equative verb \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d to focus on a specific element. While clefting often implies emphasis, Malayalam also utilizes a non-emphatic order where the clefted element provides structural balance. In this construction, the element being identified is moved into the predicate position.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d (It is Raman who came.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d (That is where the bus stop is.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>15.2 The Discontinuous -um Required with \"Both\"<\/h3>\r\nTo express the concept of \"both,\" the particle -\u0d09\u0d02 must be attached to each noun or phrase in the pair. This discontinuous usage links the elements as a collective unit.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 (Both father and mother)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 (Both tea and coffee)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>15.3 The Verbal Adjective in Relative Clauses<\/h3>\r\nRelative clauses are constructed using the verbal adjective form of a verb. This allows a verb to modify a noun, functioning as a descriptive clause. The tense is reflected in the form of the verbal adjective (Past, Present, or Future).\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d06\u0d7e (The person whom I saw)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d7a\u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f (The girl who is standing there)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>15.4 Indirect Expressions of Pleasure and Desire<\/h3>\r\nExpressions of physical or emotional states in Malayalam often utilize an indirect construction. The logical subject (the person experiencing the state) is placed in the dative case, while the state itself remains the subject.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d (I am happy \/ To me there is happiness.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 (They want tea.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>15.5 The Indirect Verb \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/h3>\r\nThe verb \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 functions as an indirect verb, requiring a dative subject. It is used to convey impressions, feelings, or how things \"seem\" to the speaker.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (It seems so to me \/ I feel that way.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>15.6 Inflected Forms of the Verbal Noun<\/h3>\r\nVerbal nouns can take various case-endings, allowing them to function as different parts of a sentence, including the target of postpositions.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d (In coming)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d (For coming)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (Because of coming)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<b>6. LESSON 15 EXERCISES<\/b>\r\n\r\n<b>Exercise 1: Substitution Drill<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (Both father and mother are coming.)\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d1f\u0d40\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d31\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<b>Exercise 2: Transformation Drill (Clefting)<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 -&gt; \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d (Raman came -&gt; It is Raman who came.)\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>\u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<b>Exercise 3: Sentence Completion (Indirect Verbs)<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d _____ (\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02) -&gt; \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d (I am happy.)\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d _____ (\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d02)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d _____ (\u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d _____ (\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<b>Exercise 4: Comprehension Reading<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d57\u0d15\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (Everyone has the convenience to see off.)\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>\u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d32 \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<b>Exercise 5: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> I saw both the bus and the car -&gt; \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>It seems like that to me.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Both elder brother and younger brother are at the bus stop.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<b>Exercise 6: Response Drill<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d? (Who are you seeing off?) -&gt; \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (I am seeing off elder brother.)\r\n\r\n<b>Exercise 7: Verbal Noun Inflection<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d (Coming) -&gt; \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d (For coming)\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<b>Exercise 8: Relative Clause Construction<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d06\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 + \u0d06\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d -&gt; \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d (The person who came is my friend.)\r\n\r\n<b>Exercise 9: General Review<\/b> Transcribe five sentences using both the dative subject and the cleft sentence construction.\r\n\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\n<b>7. MINILESSON D (PRINT PAGE 226)<\/b>\r\n\r\nMinilesson D provides a detailed transition into the phonological features of casual Malayalam speech. Key features include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Vowel Deletion:<\/b> In rapid speech, final short vowels (specifically the echo vowel -\u0d09) are often deleted when the following word begins with a vowel.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Contractions:<\/b> Common verb endings and auxiliary combinations contract (e.g., \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d often reduces to \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Consonant Assimilation:<\/b> Specific clusters simplify to facilitate faster articulation between word boundaries in informal dialogue.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Morphophonemic Deletions:<\/b> The reduction of the verbal noun suffix in specific grammatical environments.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese features distinguish the formal \"written\" style used in previous lessons from the \"natural\" speech patterns used by native speakers in daily life.","rendered":"<p><b>1. LESSON OVERVIEW AND METADATA<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Lesson Number:<\/b> LESSON FIFTEEN<\/li>\n<li><b>Primary Title:<\/b> Seeing People Off at the Bus Stop<\/li>\n<li><b>Print Page Range:<\/b> Page 212 to 228<\/li>\n<li><b>Licensing:<\/b> Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).<\/li>\n<li><b>Source Work:<\/b> <i>Malayalam: A University Course and Reference Grammar<\/i> by Rodney F. Moag.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>2. VOCABULARY (PRINT PAGE 212)<\/b><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Malayalam Word (Unicode)<\/td>\n<td>English Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\n<td>To see someone off<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\n<td>To seem \/ To feel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Happiness \/ Pleasure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Difficulty \/ Sadness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d38\u0d57\u0d15\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Convenience<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>Bus stop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>Bus stand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Both<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-\u0d09\u0d02 &#8230; -\u0d09\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Both &#8230; and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/td>\n<td>Vehicle \/ Bus \/ Train<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Distance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46<\/td>\n<td>Early \/ Before<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Stay \/ Delay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\n<td>To start out \/ To depart<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>Everyone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>3. READING PRACTICE<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Identify visual patterns and grammatical markers within the following Unicode script groups. Pay close attention to the attachment of verbal adjectives to nouns and the case-inflected forms of verbal nouns.<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d7e \/ \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d7e \/ \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d7e<\/li>\n<li>\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \/ \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \/ \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/li>\n<li>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \/ \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \/ \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n<li>\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \/ \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \/ \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n<li>\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \/ \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24<\/li>\n<li>\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \/ \u0d35\u0d30\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>4. LESSON FIFTEEN CONVERSATION (MALAYALAM AND ENGLISH)<\/b><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Speaker<\/td>\n<td>Malayalam Script (Unicode)<\/td>\n<td>English Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02, \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/td>\n<td>Hello, who did you come to see off?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B<\/td>\n<td>\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/td>\n<td>I came to see off my friend.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>\u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/td>\n<td>Where is the friend going?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B<\/td>\n<td>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/td>\n<td>He is going to Thiruvananthapuram.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>\u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02?<\/td>\n<td>When will the bus leave?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B<\/td>\n<td>\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02.<\/td>\n<td>It will leave in ten minutes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d57\u0d15\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/td>\n<td>Is the journey convenient?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B<\/td>\n<td>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d46, \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d38\u0d57\u0d15\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/td>\n<td>Yes, there is good convenience in this vehicle.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>\u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/td>\n<td>Is everyone happy?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B<\/td>\n<td>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d46, \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/td>\n<td>Yes, everyone is happy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>\u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d15\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46.<\/td>\n<td>Fine, let the journey be pleasant.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B<\/td>\n<td>\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f.<\/td>\n<td>Thank you.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>5. GRAMMAR NOTES (PRINT PAGES 219-225)<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>15.1 Cleft Sentences with Non-emphatic Order<\/h3>\n<p>Cleft sentences use the equative verb \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d to focus on a specific element. While clefting often implies emphasis, Malayalam also utilizes a non-emphatic order where the clefted element provides structural balance. In this construction, the element being identified is moved into the predicate position.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d (It is Raman who came.)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d (That is where the bus stop is.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>15.2 The Discontinuous -um Required with &#8220;Both&#8221;<\/h3>\n<p>To express the concept of &#8220;both,&#8221; the particle -\u0d09\u0d02 must be attached to each noun or phrase in the pair. This discontinuous usage links the elements as a collective unit.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 (Both father and mother)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 (Both tea and coffee)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>15.3 The Verbal Adjective in Relative Clauses<\/h3>\n<p>Relative clauses are constructed using the verbal adjective form of a verb. This allows a verb to modify a noun, functioning as a descriptive clause. The tense is reflected in the form of the verbal adjective (Past, Present, or Future).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d06\u0d7e (The person whom I saw)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d7a\u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f (The girl who is standing there)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>15.4 Indirect Expressions of Pleasure and Desire<\/h3>\n<p>Expressions of physical or emotional states in Malayalam often utilize an indirect construction. The logical subject (the person experiencing the state) is placed in the dative case, while the state itself remains the subject.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d (I am happy \/ To me there is happiness.)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 (They want tea.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>15.5 The Indirect Verb \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/h3>\n<p>The verb \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 functions as an indirect verb, requiring a dative subject. It is used to convey impressions, feelings, or how things &#8220;seem&#8221; to the speaker.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (It seems so to me \/ I feel that way.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>15.6 Inflected Forms of the Verbal Noun<\/h3>\n<p>Verbal nouns can take various case-endings, allowing them to function as different parts of a sentence, including the target of postpositions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d (In coming)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d (For coming)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (Because of coming)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>6. LESSON 15 EXERCISES<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exercise 1: Substitution Drill<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (Both father and mother are coming.)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02<\/li>\n<li>\u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02<\/li>\n<li>\u0d1f\u0d40\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d31\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Exercise 2: Transformation Drill (Clefting)<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 -&gt; \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d (Raman came -&gt; It is Raman who came.)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d15\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/li>\n<li>\u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/li>\n<li>\u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Exercise 3: Sentence Completion (Indirect Verbs)<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d _____ (\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02) -&gt; \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d (I am happy.)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d _____ (\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d02)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d _____ (\u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d _____ (\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Exercise 4: Comprehension Reading<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d57\u0d15\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (Everyone has the convenience to see off.)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d32 \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<li>\u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Exercise 5: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> I saw both the bus and the car -&gt; \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>It seems like that to me.<\/li>\n<li>Both elder brother and younger brother are at the bus stop.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Exercise 6: Response Drill<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d? (Who are you seeing off?) -&gt; \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (I am seeing off elder brother.)<\/p>\n<p><b>Exercise 7: Verbal Noun Inflection<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d (Coming) -&gt; \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d (For coming)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d<\/li>\n<li>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Exercise 8: Relative Clause Construction<\/b> <b>Model:<\/b> \u0d06\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 + \u0d06\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d -&gt; \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d41\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d (The person who came is my friend.)<\/p>\n<p><b>Exercise 9: General Review<\/b> Transcribe five sentences using both the dative subject and the cleft sentence construction.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p><b>7. MINILESSON D (PRINT PAGE 226)<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Minilesson D provides a detailed transition into the phonological features of casual Malayalam speech. Key features include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Vowel Deletion:<\/b> In rapid speech, final short vowels (specifically the echo vowel -\u0d09) are often deleted when the following word begins with a vowel.<\/li>\n<li><b>Contractions:<\/b> Common verb endings and auxiliary combinations contract (e.g., \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d often reduces to \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e).<\/li>\n<li><b>Consonant Assimilation:<\/b> Specific clusters simplify to facilitate faster articulation between word boundaries in informal dialogue.<\/li>\n<li><b>Morphophonemic Deletions:<\/b> The reduction of the verbal noun suffix in specific grammatical environments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These features distinguish the formal &#8220;written&#8221; style used in previous lessons from the &#8220;natural&#8221; speech patterns used by native speakers in daily life.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":16,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-52","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":146,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52\/revisions\/146"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=52"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=52"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=52"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}