{"id":44,"date":"2026-05-11T19:39:46","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T18:39:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-11\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T09:26:57","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T08:26:57","slug":"lesson-11","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-11\/","title":{"raw":"Lesson Eleven","rendered":"Lesson Eleven"},"content":{"raw":"Lesson Number:<\/b> 11 Title:<\/b> Sending Little Brother to the Market Source Page References:<\/b> Print pages 205\u2013224; PDF pages 151\u2013168\r\n\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

Lesson 11 Vocabulary List<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\r\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24<\/td>\r\nMarket<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/td>\r\nYounger brother<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo send<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/td>\r\nThings\/Items<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo buy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nList<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d3f<\/td>\r\nVegetables<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2e\u0d40\u0d7b<\/td>\r\nFish<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/td>\r\nEgg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d15\u0d1f<\/td>\r\nShop<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/td>\r\nWent (Past tense of \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/td>\r\nCame (Past tense of \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d02<\/td>\r\nQuickly<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38<\/td>\r\nMoney<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f<\/td>\r\nBalance\/Change<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

Reading Practice<\/h2>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • Visual Pattern Recognition: Past Tense Markers<\/b>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • In Malayalam, the present tense suffix -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 is replaced by various past tense markers such as -\u0d3f, -\u0d24\u0d41, or -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (depending on the verb class).<\/li>\r\n \t
    • \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (came)<\/li>\r\n \t
    • \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (gave)<\/li>\r\n \t
    • \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41 (said)<\/li>\r\n \t
    • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f (bought)<\/li>\r\n \t
    • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f (went)<\/li>\r\n \t
    • \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f (became)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Graphic Units and Word Grouping<\/b>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f (Went to the market)<\/li>\r\n \t
      • \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f (Bought things)<\/li>\r\n \t
      • \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 (Gave the list)<\/li>\r\n \t
      • \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f (Took the money)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

        Lesson 11 Conversation<\/h2>\r\n\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/b>: \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46? \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d4b? Mother<\/b>: Where is little brother? Did he go to the market?\r\n\r\n\u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7b<\/b>: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. Older Brother<\/b>: He went. I sent him to the market.\r\n\r\n\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/b>: \u0d28\u0d40 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b? Mother<\/b>: Did you give him the list?\r\n\r\n\u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7b<\/b>: \u0d09\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d4d, \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41. Older Brother<\/b>: Yes, I gave (him) the list and the money.\r\n\r\n\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/b>: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f? Mother<\/b>: What all did he buy?\r\n\r\n\u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7b<\/b>: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d40\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. Older Brother<\/b>: He bought vegetables and fish. He just came now.\r\n\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

        Detailed Grammar Notes<\/h2>\r\n

        11.1 The Simple Past Tense Form of the Verb<\/h2>\r\nThe simple past tense in Malayalam signifies a completed action in the past. Unlike the present tense, which utilizes the uniform suffix -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (-nnu) across nearly all verb stems, the past tense formation is complex and determined by the morphological class of the verb stem. Linguistically, these are categorized into three primary patterns of suffixation:\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. The -\u0d3f (-i) Suffix:<\/b> Typical of many weak verbs, especially those ending in -\u0d41\u0d15 (-uka) in their citation form. Examples: \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15 (to buy) becomes \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f (bought); \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (to send) becomes \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 (sent\u2014note the palatalization of the consonant).<\/li>\r\n \t
        2. The -\u0d24\u0d41 (-tu) Suffix and its Variants:<\/b> This often undergoes phonological assimilation with the stem-final consonant. Examples: \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15 (to do) becomes \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 (did); \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15 (to say) becomes \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41 (said).<\/li>\r\n \t
        3. The -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (-nnu) Suffix:<\/b> Common in verbs of motion and certain stems. Examples: \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15 (to come) becomes \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (came); \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (to sit) becomes \u0d07\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (sat).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nAs a \"Reference Grammar\" note, students should observe that while the citation form ends in -\u0d41\u0d15, the past tense form provides the necessary base for many subsequent derived forms, such as the conditional and the perfective.\r\n

          11.2 The Cleft Sentence as a Means of Focus<\/h2>\r\nClefting is a syntactic operation used to provide emphasis or \"focus\" to a specific constituent of a sentence, such as the subject, the object, or a locative expression. This structure is more emphatic than the simple reordering of elements discussed in Lesson Two (Section 2.5).\r\n\r\nThe cleft construction is formed by:\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. Moving the element to be focused to the position immediately preceding the copula.<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. Attaching the copula \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d (is) to that element.<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. Changing the main verb of the sentence into its verbal noun (nominalized) form by adding the suffix -\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d (-at\u016d).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • Unemphatic:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. (He went to the market.)<\/li>\r\n \t
            • Focus on Subject:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d. (It is he who went to the market.)<\/li>\r\n \t
            • Focus on Location:<\/b> \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d. (It is to the market that he went.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

              11.3 The Compound Verb with the Completive Meaning<\/h2>\r\nThe completive aspect indicates that an action has been carried out thoroughly, to completion, or sometimes implies that the action was accidental or has an air of finality. This is achieved through a compound verb construction using the main verb's past participle followed by the auxiliary verb \u0d15\u0d33\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15 (ka\u1e37ayuka\u2014literally \"to throw away\/lose\").\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • Example: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d33\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41. (He said it [outright\/completely].)<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Example: \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41. (The money got lost [completely].)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                11.4 Irregular Past Forms<\/h2>\r\nWhile most verbs follow the patterns in 11.1, certain high-frequency verbs exhibit irregular past tense morphology that must be memorized:\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to go): The expected form would be \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/i>, which is indeed used. However, it is considered irregular as it does not follow the standard weak or strong stem rules perfectly.<\/li>\r\n \t
                • \u0d06\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to become\/to be): The past tense is \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f (became).<\/li>\r\n \t
                • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to buy and give): This is a complex verb. In Malayalam, when two actions are linked, the first verb takes the participial form. The past tense is formed by inflecting the final element: \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 (bought and gave).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                  11.5 The Past Tense of Desiderative Forms<\/h2>\r\nThe desiderative marker \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 (v\u0113\u1e47am\u2014want\/need) is an impersonal construction requiring a dative subject. To shift this desire into the past tense (\"wanted\" or \"needed\"), the past copula \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (\u0101yirunnu) is appended.\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • Present:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (I want money.)<\/li>\r\n \t
                  • Past:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (I wanted\/needed money.)<\/li>\r\n \t
                  • Negative Past:<\/b> The negative desiderative \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f (v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da) becomes \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6d\u0101yirunnu\u2014did not want\/need).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

                    Exercises<\/h2>\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    1. Translation:<\/b> Translate the following into Malayalam.\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      • Did you go to the shop?<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • I bought five eggs.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • Mother sent the list.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • Substitution Drill:<\/b> Model: \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f.<\/b>\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • Transformation Drill (Present to Past):<\/b> Model: \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 -> \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b>\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 -> _________<\/li>\r\n \t
                          • \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 -> _________<\/li>\r\n \t
                          • \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 -> _________<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                          • Reading Comprehension:<\/b> Read the following passage and answer who went to the market. \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2e\u0d40\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f. \u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\r\n \t
                          • Clefting Exercise:<\/b> Emphasize the underlined word using the cleft construction.\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            • \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d2e\u0d40\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f.<\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                            • Past Desiderative:<\/b> Change the following to the past tense.\r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\r\n \t
                              • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                              • Writing Practice:<\/b> Join the following words correctly according to the rules of sandhi.\r\n
                                  \r\n \t
                                • \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 + -\u0d07\u0d7d =<\/li>\r\n \t
                                • \u0d2e\u0d40\u0d7b + \u0d09\u0d02 =<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                • Response Drill:<\/b> Answer the question in the past tense based on the prompt in parentheses.\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f? (\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f? (\u0d2e\u0d40\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • Irregular Verbs:<\/b> Provide the past tense of the following verbs:\r\n
                                      \r\n \t
                                    • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15: _________<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    • \u0d06\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15: _________<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    • Completive Verbs:<\/b> Transform the following into the completive aspect using the auxiliary \u0d15\u0d33\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15.\r\n
                                        \r\n \t
                                      • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f. -> _________<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      • \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41. -> _________<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"

                                        Lesson Number:<\/b> 11 Title:<\/b> Sending Little Brother to the Market Source Page References:<\/b> Print pages 205\u2013224; PDF pages 151\u2013168<\/p>\n

                                        ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                                        Lesson 11 Vocabulary List<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                        Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24<\/td>\nMarket<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/td>\nYounger brother<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo send<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/td>\nThings\/Items<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo buy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d<\/td>\nList<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d2a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d3f<\/td>\nVegetables<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d2e\u0d40\u0d7b<\/td>\nFish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/td>\nEgg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d15\u0d1f<\/td>\nShop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/td>\nWent (Past tense of \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/td>\nCame (Past tense of \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d35\u0d47\u0d17\u0d02<\/td>\nQuickly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38<\/td>\nMoney<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f<\/td>\nBalance\/Change<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                        ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                                        Reading Practice<\/h2>\n
                                          \n
                                        • Visual Pattern Recognition: Past Tense Markers<\/b>\n
                                            \n
                                          • In Malayalam, the present tense suffix -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 is replaced by various past tense markers such as -\u0d3f, -\u0d24\u0d41, or -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (depending on the verb class).<\/li>\n
                                          • \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (came)<\/li>\n
                                          • \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (gave)<\/li>\n
                                          • \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41 (said)<\/li>\n
                                          • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f (bought)<\/li>\n
                                          • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f (went)<\/li>\n
                                          • \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f (became)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                          • Graphic Units and Word Grouping<\/b>\n
                                              \n
                                            • \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f (Went to the market)<\/li>\n
                                            • \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f (Bought things)<\/li>\n
                                            • \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 (Gave the list)<\/li>\n
                                            • \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f (Took the money)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                                              Lesson 11 Conversation<\/h2>\n

                                              \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/b>: \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46? \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d4b? Mother<\/b>: Where is little brother? Did he go to the market?<\/p>\n

                                              \u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7b<\/b>: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. Older Brother<\/b>: He went. I sent him to the market.<\/p>\n

                                              \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/b>: \u0d28\u0d40 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b? Mother<\/b>: Did you give him the list?<\/p>\n

                                              \u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7b<\/b>: \u0d09\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d4d, \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41. Older Brother<\/b>: Yes, I gave (him) the list and the money.<\/p>\n

                                              \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/b>: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f? Mother<\/b>: What all did he buy?<\/p>\n

                                              \u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7b<\/b>: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d40\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. Older Brother<\/b>: He bought vegetables and fish. He just came now.<\/p>\n

                                              ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                                              Detailed Grammar Notes<\/h2>\n

                                              11.1 The Simple Past Tense Form of the Verb<\/h2>\n

                                              The simple past tense in Malayalam signifies a completed action in the past. Unlike the present tense, which utilizes the uniform suffix -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (-nnu) across nearly all verb stems, the past tense formation is complex and determined by the morphological class of the verb stem. Linguistically, these are categorized into three primary patterns of suffixation:<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              1. The -\u0d3f (-i) Suffix:<\/b> Typical of many weak verbs, especially those ending in -\u0d41\u0d15 (-uka) in their citation form. Examples: \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15 (to buy) becomes \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f (bought); \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (to send) becomes \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 (sent\u2014note the palatalization of the consonant).<\/li>\n
                                              2. The -\u0d24\u0d41 (-tu) Suffix and its Variants:<\/b> This often undergoes phonological assimilation with the stem-final consonant. Examples: \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15 (to do) becomes \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 (did); \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15 (to say) becomes \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41 (said).<\/li>\n
                                              3. The -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (-nnu) Suffix:<\/b> Common in verbs of motion and certain stems. Examples: \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15 (to come) becomes \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (came); \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (to sit) becomes \u0d07\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (sat).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                As a “Reference Grammar” note, students should observe that while the citation form ends in -\u0d41\u0d15, the past tense form provides the necessary base for many subsequent derived forms, such as the conditional and the perfective.<\/p>\n

                                                11.2 The Cleft Sentence as a Means of Focus<\/h2>\n

                                                Clefting is a syntactic operation used to provide emphasis or “focus” to a specific constituent of a sentence, such as the subject, the object, or a locative expression. This structure is more emphatic than the simple reordering of elements discussed in Lesson Two (Section 2.5).<\/p>\n

                                                The cleft construction is formed by:<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                1. Moving the element to be focused to the position immediately preceding the copula.<\/li>\n
                                                2. Attaching the copula \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d (is) to that element.<\/li>\n
                                                3. Changing the main verb of the sentence into its verbal noun (nominalized) form by adding the suffix -\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d (-at\u016d).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • Unemphatic:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. (He went to the market.)<\/li>\n
                                                  • Focus on Subject:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d. (It is he who went to the market.)<\/li>\n
                                                  • Focus on Location:<\/b> \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d. (It is to the market that he went.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    11.3 The Compound Verb with the Completive Meaning<\/h2>\n

                                                    The completive aspect indicates that an action has been carried out thoroughly, to completion, or sometimes implies that the action was accidental or has an air of finality. This is achieved through a compound verb construction using the main verb’s past participle followed by the auxiliary verb \u0d15\u0d33\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15 (ka\u1e37ayuka\u2014literally “to throw away\/lose”).<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • Example: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d33\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41. (He said it [outright\/completely].)<\/li>\n
                                                    • Example: \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41. (The money got lost [completely].)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      11.4 Irregular Past Forms<\/h2>\n

                                                      While most verbs follow the patterns in 11.1, certain high-frequency verbs exhibit irregular past tense morphology that must be memorized:<\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to go): The expected form would be \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/i>, which is indeed used. However, it is considered irregular as it does not follow the standard weak or strong stem rules perfectly.<\/li>\n
                                                      • \u0d06\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to become\/to be): The past tense is \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f (became).<\/li>\n
                                                      • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b> (to buy and give): This is a complex verb. In Malayalam, when two actions are linked, the first verb takes the participial form. The past tense is formed by inflecting the final element: \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 (bought and gave).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        11.5 The Past Tense of Desiderative Forms<\/h2>\n

                                                        The desiderative marker \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 (v\u0113\u1e47am\u2014want\/need) is an impersonal construction requiring a dative subject. To shift this desire into the past tense (“wanted” or “needed”), the past copula \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (\u0101yirunnu) is appended.<\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        • Present:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (I want money.)<\/li>\n
                                                        • Past:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (I wanted\/needed money.)<\/li>\n
                                                        • Negative Past:<\/b> The negative desiderative \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f (v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da) becomes \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6d\u0101yirunnu\u2014did not want\/need).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                                                          Exercises<\/h2>\n
                                                            \n
                                                          1. Translation:<\/b> Translate the following into Malayalam.\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • Did you go to the shop?<\/li>\n
                                                            • I bought five eggs.<\/li>\n
                                                            • Mother sent the list.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                            • Substitution Drill:<\/b> Model: \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f.<\/b>\n
                                                                \n
                                                              • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                              • Transformation Drill (Present to Past):<\/b> Model: \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 -> \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/b>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                • \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 -> _________<\/li>\n
                                                                • \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 -> _________<\/li>\n
                                                                • \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 -> _________<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                • Reading Comprehension:<\/b> Read the following passage and answer who went to the market. \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2e\u0d40\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f. \u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                • Clefting Exercise:<\/b> Emphasize the underlined word using the cleft construction.\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  • \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d2e\u0d40\u0d7b<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f.<\/li>\n
                                                                  • \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                  • Past Desiderative:<\/b> Change the following to the past tense.\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                                    • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Writing Practice:<\/b> Join the following words correctly according to the rules of sandhi.\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 + -\u0d07\u0d7d =<\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u0d2e\u0d40\u0d7b + \u0d09\u0d02 =<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Response Drill:<\/b> Answer the question in the past tense based on the prompt in parentheses.\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f? (\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24)<\/li>\n
                                                                        • \u0d05\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f? (\u0d2e\u0d40\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Irregular Verbs:<\/b> Provide the past tense of the following verbs:\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          • \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15: _________<\/li>\n
                                                                          • \u0d06\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15: _________<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                          • Completive Verbs:<\/b> Transform the following into the completive aspect using the auxiliary \u0d15\u0d33\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15.\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f. -> _________<\/li>\n
                                                                            • \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41. -> _________<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-44","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/44","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/44\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":142,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/44\/revisions\/142"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/44\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=44"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=44"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=44"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=44"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}