{"id":42,"date":"2026-05-11T19:06:21","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T18:06:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-ten\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T09:26:11","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T08:26:11","slug":"lesson-ten","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-ten\/","title":{"raw":"LESSON TEN","rendered":"LESSON TEN"},"content":{"raw":"&nbsp;\r\n<h3><strong>VOCABULARY<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nWords are listed in the order they appear in the lesson text.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>k\u0113ra\u1e37am<\/em>) \u2014 Kerala.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d38\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>sa\u1e43sth\u0101nam<\/em>) \u2014 State.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/strong> (<em>\u0101yirikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 Present of \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (to be); a literary and formal equivalent of \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>thekk\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 South.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>thekka\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Southern.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>bh\u0101gam<\/em>) \u2014 Part.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/strong> (<em>jana\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/em>) \u2014 People (\u0d1c\u0d28\u0d02 - person).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/strong> (<em>th\u0101masikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 To live, reside.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>pa\u1e6di\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e5f\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 West.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>pa\u1e6di\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e5fa\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Western.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d35\u0d36\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>va\u015bam<\/em>) \u2014 Side.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d7d<\/strong> (<em>ka\u1e6dal<\/em>) \u2014 Sea.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d31\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d7d<\/strong> (<em>arabikka\u1e6dal<\/em>) \u2014 Arabian Sea.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d34\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>ki\u1e3bakk\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 East.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d34\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>ki\u1e3bakka\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Eastern.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d32<\/strong> (<em>mala<\/em>) \u2014 Mountain, mountain range.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d38\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d32<\/strong> (<em>sahyamala<\/em>) \u2014 The Sahya mountains.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/strong> (<em>sthithiceyyunnu<\/em>) \u2014 To be situated, to be located.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d15\u0d7e<\/strong> (<em>jilla-ka\u1e37<\/em>) \u2014 Districts (\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 - district).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d12\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>o\u1e3bicc\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 Except for.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f<\/strong> (<em>b\u0101kki<\/em>) \u2014 Remaining.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d47<\/strong> (<em>ath\u0113<\/em>) \u2014 The same.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d07\u0d35<\/strong> (<em>iva<\/em>) \u2014 These (things).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d28\u0d17\u0d30\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>nagaram<\/em>) \u2014 City.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35<\/strong> (<em>ava<\/em>) \u2014 Those (things).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d32\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>thalasth\u0101nam<\/em>) \u2014 Capital.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>thu\u1e5famukham<\/em>) \u2014 Port, harbor.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f<\/strong> (<em>madhya<\/em>) \u2014 Middle, center (adjective).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>va\u1e6dakk\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 North.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>va\u1e6dakka\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Northern.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>a\u1e5f\u1e5fam<\/em>) \u2014 End.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>thiruvananthapuratth\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 In Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) (irregular locative).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46<\/strong> (<em>va\u1e5fe<\/em>) \u2014 To, up to (takes nominative).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d0f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>\u0113th\u0101\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 About, approximately.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d42\u0d31\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>munn\u016b\u1e5f\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 Three hundred.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d33\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>e\u1e37uppam<\/em>) \u2014 Easy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30<\/strong> (<em>y\u0101thra<\/em>) \u2014 Trip, journey.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d40\u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/strong> (<em>theeva\u1e47\u1e6di<\/em>) \u2014 Train.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>divasam<\/em>) \u2014 Day.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/strong> (<em>sa\u00f1carikkuka<\/em>) \u2014 To travel.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>READING PRACTICE<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<strong>A. Locative Case Patterns<\/strong> Note how locative forms for various regions and districts function in these sentences.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d31\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/strong> (<em>avar e\u1e5fa\u1e47\u0101ku\u1e37atth\u01d4 th\u0101masikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 They live in Ernakulam.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d24\u0d43\u0d36\u0d42\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/strong> (<em>avar th\u1e5b\u015b\u016bril th\u0101masikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 They live in Trichur.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/strong> (<em>avar thiruvananthapuratth\u01d4 th\u0101masikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 They live in Thiruvananthapuram.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/strong> (<em>avar p\u0101lakk\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 th\u0101masikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 They live in Palghat.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<strong>B. Minimal Pairs for \u0d32 (<em>la<\/em>) vs. \u0d33 (<em>\u1e37a<\/em>)<\/strong> Practice the distinction between these two lateral sounds.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d32<\/strong> (<em>m\u0101la<\/em> - necklace) vs. <strong>\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d33<\/strong> (<em>m\u0101\u1e37a<\/em> - hole).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d32<\/strong> (<em>v\u0101la<\/em> - young girl) vs. <strong>\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d33<\/strong> (<em>v\u0101\u1e37a<\/em> - a type of fish).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>TEXT: ALL ABOUT THE GEOGRAPHY OF KERALA<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7b \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d32 \u0d24\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d36\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d34\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7b \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f \u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d24\u0d47 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d28\u0d17\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d07\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d32\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d16\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28 \u0d28\u0d17\u0d30\u0d35\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.\r\n\r\n\u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d42\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d42\u0d7c \u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d42\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d48\u0d7d \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d24\u0d40\u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d08 \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d33\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>EXERCISES<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Locative Geography:<\/strong> Describe the location of one district relative to another (e.g., \"Ernakulam is north of Alleppey\").<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Formal Style Substitution:<\/strong> Rewrite sentences by replacing <strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> with <strong>\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/strong> to practice formal written style.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Reading Comprehension:<\/strong> Read sentences about the districts and geography of Kerala for understanding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Translation into Malayalam:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>There is ocean on two sides of India. \u2014 <strong>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>After Alleppey, the next city is Ernakulam. \u2014 <strong>\u0d06\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d34 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d28\u0d17\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d31\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d33\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Written Responses:<\/strong> Answer questions in Malayalam about the size of districts and travel times.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Writing Practice:<\/strong> Join direction words and placenames to form proper locative phrases.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>GRAMMAR NOTES<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<strong>10.1 Special Locative Forms for Kerala Placenames<\/strong> Most names ending in <strong>-\u0d02<\/strong> take the ending <strong>-\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>-tth\u01d4<\/em>) in the locative (e.g., <strong>\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d02<\/strong> $\\rightarrow$ <strong>\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong>). Names like <strong>\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/strong> double the final consonant (<strong>\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/strong>).\r\n\r\n<strong>10.2 Markers of Formal Style<\/strong> Formal style is characterized by longer, complex sentences and the use of the formal copula <strong>\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/strong> instead of <strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n<strong>10.3 Expressions of Direction<\/strong> Directions (North, South, East, West) often take specific cases (Dative or Possessive) when used as postpositions to show orientation.\r\n\r\n<strong>10.4 Special Adjective Forms of the Directions<\/strong> Directional words have special adjective forms ending in long <strong>-\u0d0f<\/strong> (e.g., <strong>\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/strong> - southern end).\r\n\r\n<strong>10.5 The Citation Marker \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d with a Series<\/strong> When listing a series of items, <strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/strong> is often used after the final item to group them as a single citation.\r\n\r\n<strong>10.6 Expressions of Distance<\/strong> Distance is expressed with <strong>\u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/strong>; the destination can be marked with <strong>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46<\/strong> (up to) or <strong>\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/strong> (to).\r\n\r\n<strong>10.7 Deletion of Halfmoon (\u0d4d) in Connected Text<\/strong> In written Malayalam, the echo vowel is often dropped when words are joined together, except in specific formal contexts.\r\n\r\n<strong>10.8 Clefting Sentences with Desiderative Verbs<\/strong> Sentences expressing \"should\" or \"must\" can be clefted to emphasize the necessity of the action.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>VOCABULARY<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Words are listed in the order they appear in the lesson text.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>k\u0113ra\u1e37am<\/em>) \u2014 Kerala.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d38\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>sa\u1e43sth\u0101nam<\/em>) \u2014 State.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/strong> (<em>\u0101yirikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 Present of \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 (to be); a literary and formal equivalent of \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>thekk\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 South.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>thekka\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Southern.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>bh\u0101gam<\/em>) \u2014 Part.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/strong> (<em>jana\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/em>) \u2014 People (\u0d1c\u0d28\u0d02 &#8211; person).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/strong> (<em>th\u0101masikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 To live, reside.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>pa\u1e6di\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e5f\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 West.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>pa\u1e6di\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e5fa\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Western.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d35\u0d36\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>va\u015bam<\/em>) \u2014 Side.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d7d<\/strong> (<em>ka\u1e6dal<\/em>) \u2014 Sea.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d31\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d7d<\/strong> (<em>arabikka\u1e6dal<\/em>) \u2014 Arabian Sea.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d34\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>ki\u1e3bakk\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 East.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d34\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>ki\u1e3bakka\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Eastern.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d32<\/strong> (<em>mala<\/em>) \u2014 Mountain, mountain range.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d38\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d32<\/strong> (<em>sahyamala<\/em>) \u2014 The Sahya mountains.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/strong> (<em>sthithiceyyunnu<\/em>) \u2014 To be situated, to be located.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d15\u0d7e<\/strong> (<em>jilla-ka\u1e37<\/em>) \u2014 Districts (\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 &#8211; district).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d12\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>o\u1e3bicc\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 Except for.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f<\/strong> (<em>b\u0101kki<\/em>) \u2014 Remaining.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d47<\/strong> (<em>ath\u0113<\/em>) \u2014 The same.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d07\u0d35<\/strong> (<em>iva<\/em>) \u2014 These (things).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d28\u0d17\u0d30\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>nagaram<\/em>) \u2014 City.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35<\/strong> (<em>ava<\/em>) \u2014 Those (things).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d32\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>thalasth\u0101nam<\/em>) \u2014 Capital.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>thu\u1e5famukham<\/em>) \u2014 Port, harbor.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f<\/strong> (<em>madhya<\/em>) \u2014 Middle, center (adjective).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>va\u1e6dakk\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 North.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>va\u1e6dakka\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Northern.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>a\u1e5f\u1e5fam<\/em>) \u2014 End.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>thiruvananthapuratth\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 In Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) (irregular locative).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46<\/strong> (<em>va\u1e5fe<\/em>) \u2014 To, up to (takes nominative).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d0f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>\u0113th\u0101\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 About, approximately.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d42\u0d31\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>munn\u016b\u1e5f\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 Three hundred.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d33\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>e\u1e37uppam<\/em>) \u2014 Easy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30<\/strong> (<em>y\u0101thra<\/em>) \u2014 Trip, journey.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d40\u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/strong> (<em>theeva\u1e47\u1e6di<\/em>) \u2014 Train.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>divasam<\/em>) \u2014 Day.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/strong> (<em>sa\u00f1carikkuka<\/em>) \u2014 To travel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>READING PRACTICE<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>A. Locative Case Patterns<\/strong> Note how locative forms for various regions and districts function in these sentences.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d0e\u0d31\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/strong> (<em>avar e\u1e5fa\u1e47\u0101ku\u1e37atth\u01d4 th\u0101masikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 They live in Ernakulam.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d24\u0d43\u0d36\u0d42\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/strong> (<em>avar th\u1e5b\u015b\u016bril th\u0101masikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 They live in Trichur.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/strong> (<em>avar thiruvananthapuratth\u01d4 th\u0101masikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 They live in Thiruvananthapuram.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/strong> (<em>avar p\u0101lakk\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 th\u0101masikkunnu<\/em>) \u2014 They live in Palghat.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>B. Minimal Pairs for \u0d32 (<em>la<\/em>) vs. \u0d33 (<em>\u1e37a<\/em>)<\/strong> Practice the distinction between these two lateral sounds.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d32<\/strong> (<em>m\u0101la<\/em> &#8211; necklace) vs. <strong>\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d33<\/strong> (<em>m\u0101\u1e37a<\/em> &#8211; hole).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d32<\/strong> (<em>v\u0101la<\/em> &#8211; young girl) vs. <strong>\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d33<\/strong> (<em>v\u0101\u1e37a<\/em> &#8211; a type of fish).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>TEXT: ALL ABOUT THE GEOGRAPHY OF KERALA<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7b \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d32 \u0d24\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d36\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d34\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7b \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f \u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d24\u0d47 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d28\u0d17\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d07\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d32\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d16\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28 \u0d28\u0d17\u0d30\u0d35\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/p>\n<p>\u0d15\u0d47\u0d30\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d42\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d42\u0d7c \u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d42\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d48\u0d7d \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d24\u0d40\u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d08 \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d33\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>EXERCISES<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Locative Geography:<\/strong> Describe the location of one district relative to another (e.g., &#8220;Ernakulam is north of Alleppey&#8221;).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Formal Style Substitution:<\/strong> Rewrite sentences by replacing <strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> with <strong>\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/strong> to practice formal written style.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reading Comprehension:<\/strong> Read sentences about the districts and geography of Kerala for understanding.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Translation into Malayalam:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>There is ocean on two sides of India. \u2014 <strong>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>After Alleppey, the next city is Ernakulam. \u2014 <strong>\u0d06\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d34 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d28\u0d17\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d31\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d33\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Written Responses:<\/strong> Answer questions in Malayalam about the size of districts and travel times.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Writing Practice:<\/strong> Join direction words and placenames to form proper locative phrases.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>GRAMMAR NOTES<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>10.1 Special Locative Forms for Kerala Placenames<\/strong> Most names ending in <strong>-\u0d02<\/strong> take the ending <strong>-\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>-tth\u01d4<\/em>) in the locative (e.g., <strong>\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d02<\/strong> $\\rightarrow$ <strong>\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong>). Names like <strong>\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/strong> double the final consonant (<strong>\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>10.2 Markers of Formal Style<\/strong> Formal style is characterized by longer, complex sentences and the use of the formal copula <strong>\u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/strong> instead of <strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>10.3 Expressions of Direction<\/strong> Directions (North, South, East, West) often take specific cases (Dative or Possessive) when used as postpositions to show orientation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>10.4 Special Adjective Forms of the Directions<\/strong> Directional words have special adjective forms ending in long <strong>-\u0d0f<\/strong> (e.g., <strong>\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/strong> &#8211; southern end).<\/p>\n<p><strong>10.5 The Citation Marker \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d with a Series<\/strong> When listing a series of items, <strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/strong> is often used after the final item to group them as a single citation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>10.6 Expressions of Distance<\/strong> Distance is expressed with <strong>\u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/strong>; the destination can be marked with <strong>\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46<\/strong> (up to) or <strong>\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/strong> (to).<\/p>\n<p><strong>10.7 Deletion of Halfmoon (\u0d4d) in Connected Text<\/strong> In written Malayalam, the echo vowel is often dropped when words are joined together, except in specific formal contexts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>10.8 Clefting Sentences with Desiderative Verbs<\/strong> Sentences expressing &#8220;should&#8221; or &#8220;must&#8221; can be clefted to emphasize the necessity of the action.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-42","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/42","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/42\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":140,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/42\/revisions\/140"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/42\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=42"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=42"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=42"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}