{"id":38,"date":"2026-05-11T18:48:22","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T17:48:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-eight\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T09:23:43","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T08:23:43","slug":"lesson-eight","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-eight\/","title":{"raw":"Lesson Eight:","rendered":"Lesson Eight:"},"content":{"raw":"Source:<\/b> Malayalam: A University Course and Reference Grammar<\/i> Author:<\/b> Rodney F. Moag Lesson:<\/b> Eight (Pages 103\u2013125) Printed Pagination:<\/b> 149\u2013171\r\n

Pagination Mapping and Navigation Key<\/b><\/h3>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 103<\/b> = Printed Page 149<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 104<\/b> = Printed Page 150<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 105<\/b> = Printed Page 151<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 106<\/b> = Printed Page 152<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 107<\/b> = Printed Page 153<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 108<\/b> = Printed Page 154<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 109<\/b> = Printed Page 155<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 110<\/b> = Printed Page 156<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 111<\/b> = Printed Page 157<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 112<\/b> = Printed Page 158<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 113<\/b> = Printed Page 159<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 114<\/b> = Printed Page 160<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 115<\/b> = Printed Page 161<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 116<\/b> = Printed Page 162<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 117<\/b> = Printed Page 163<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 118<\/b> = Printed Page 164<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 119<\/b> = Printed Page 165<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 120<\/b> = Printed Page 166<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 121<\/b> = Printed Page 167<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 122<\/b> = Printed Page 168<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 123<\/b> = Printed Page 169<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 124<\/b> = Printed Page 170<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lesson Page 125<\/b> = Printed Page 171<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n--- Printed Page 149 ---\r\n

    Reference List: Personal Pronoun Forms<\/b><\/h3>\r\nThe following table details the declensions of personal pronouns in Malayalam. Note that the oblique stem (used for cases other than the nominative) is provided where it differs from the base form.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Malayalam Script<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nCase Category<\/td>\r\nEnglish Equivalent<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00f1\u0101n<\/i><\/td>\r\nNominative<\/td>\r\nI<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nenne<\/i><\/td>\r\nAccusative<\/td>\r\nMe<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\nenikk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\r\nDative<\/td>\r\nTo me \/ For me<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nente<\/i><\/td>\r\nGenitive<\/td>\r\nMy \/ Mine<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\nennekko\u1e47\u1e6d\u016d<\/i><\/td>\r\nInstrumental<\/td>\r\nBy me \/ With me<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\nenn\u014d\u1e6d\u016d<\/i><\/td>\r\nSociative<\/td>\r\nTo me \/ With me<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/b><\/td>\r\nennil<\/i><\/td>\r\nLocative<\/td>\r\nIn me<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d40<\/b><\/td>\r\nn\u012b<\/i><\/td>\r\nNominative<\/td>\r\nYou (Singular\/Informal)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nninne<\/i><\/td>\r\nAccusative<\/td>\r\nYou<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\nninakk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\r\nDative<\/td>\r\nTo you<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nninte<\/i><\/td>\r\nGenitive<\/td>\r\nYour<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\nninn\u014d\u1e6d\u016d<\/i><\/td>\r\nSociative<\/td>\r\nTo you<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\r\nava\u1e49<\/i><\/td>\r\nNominative<\/td>\r\nHe (Proximate)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nava\u1e49e<\/i><\/td>\r\nAccusative<\/td>\r\nHim<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\nava\u1e49\u016d<\/i><\/td>\r\nDative<\/td>\r\nTo him<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nava\u1e49te<\/i><\/td>\r\nGenitive<\/td>\r\nHis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e<\/b><\/td>\r\nava\u1e37<\/i><\/td>\r\nNominative<\/td>\r\nShe<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nava\u1e37e<\/i><\/td>\r\nAccusative<\/td>\r\nHer<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\nava\u1e37kk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\r\nDative<\/td>\r\nTo her<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nava\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/i><\/td>\r\nGenitive<\/td>\r\nHer \/ Hers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d7e<\/b><\/td>\r\nnamma\u1e37<\/i><\/td>\r\nNominative<\/td>\r\nWe (Inclusive)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d33\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nnamma\u1e37e<\/i><\/td>\r\nAccusative<\/td>\r\nUs<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\nnamukk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\r\nDative<\/td>\r\nTo us<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nnammu\u1e6de<\/i><\/td>\r\nGenitive<\/td>\r\nOur<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i><\/td>\r\nNominative<\/td>\r\nWe (Exclusive)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37e<\/i><\/td>\r\nAccusative<\/td>\r\nUs (Excl.)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37kk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\r\nDative<\/td>\r\nTo us (Excl.)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/i><\/td>\r\nGenitive<\/td>\r\nOur (Excl.)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b><\/td>\r\nni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i><\/td>\r\nNominative<\/td>\r\nYou (Plural\/Formal)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37e<\/i><\/td>\r\nAccusative<\/td>\r\nYou (Pl.\/Form.)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\nni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37kk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\r\nDative<\/td>\r\nTo you (Pl.\/Form.)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c<\/b><\/td>\r\navar<\/i><\/td>\r\nNominative<\/td>\r\nThey<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\navare<\/i><\/td>\r\nAccusative<\/td>\r\nThem<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\navarkk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\r\nDative<\/td>\r\nTo them<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\navaru\u1e6de<\/i><\/td>\r\nGenitive<\/td>\r\nTheir<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n--- Printed Page 150 ---\r\n

    Lesson Vocabulary<\/b><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\r\nEnglish Meaning \/ Part of Speech<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\r\nwith (Postposition)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37<\/b><\/td>\r\nexamination (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\r\nto study (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f<\/b><\/td>\r\nroom (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\nletter (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\r\nto write (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\r\nto send (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\r\nto say \/ to tell (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\r\nfather (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/b><\/td>\r\nmother (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\r\nto come (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d35\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\r\nto go (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\r\nto give (to a third person) (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d24\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\r\nto give (to the speaker\/first or second person) (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d28\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\r\nthing \/ object (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d38\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\r\nto help (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\na little \/ some (Adverb\/Adjective)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d41\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\r\nalways (Adverb)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\r\ntime (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f<\/b><\/td>\r\nwork \/ job (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\r\nfriend (male) (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d24<\/b><\/td>\r\nfriend (female) (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d15\u0d1f<\/b><\/td>\r\nshop \/ store (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\r\nshopkeeper (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a<\/b><\/td>\r\nrupee (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\r\nhappiness (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d09\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a<\/b><\/td>\r\nnoon (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\r\nfood (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\ncountry \/ native place (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\r\nto here \/ this way (Adverb)<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n--- Printed Page 151 ---\r\n

    Conversation: \"Hey James!\"<\/b><\/h3>\r\n\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41:<\/b> \u0d39\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d! \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41? Hey James! Where are you going?<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d32\u0d48\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. I am going to the library.<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41:<\/b> \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d32\u0d48\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d? Why are you going to the library now?<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d06\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. I have a little to study. The exam is next week.<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02. Can you come with me? Let's drink tea.<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02. There is no time now, Venu. I will come later.<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. Okay, let's meet after your exam.<\/i>\r\n\r\n\u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. Okay, see you.<\/i>\r\n\r\n--- Printed Page 152 ---\r\n

    Reading Practice<\/b><\/h3>\r\n

    Section A<\/b><\/h4>\r\n\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d7b \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d35\u0d48\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.\r\n\r\nToday I have a lot of work. I went to the office at eight o'clock in the morning. My friend was there. He helped me. We ate lunch together in the afternoon. In the evening I came home. My father and mother were there.<\/i>\r\n

    Section B<\/b><\/h4>\r\n\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.\r\n\r\nMary is writing a letter. She is sending the letter to her mother. Mary's mother is in the home country. Next month mother is coming here. Mary is very happy.<\/i>\r\n

    Section C<\/b><\/h4>\r\n\u0d30\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41. \u0d30\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41.\r\n\r\nRavi is going to the shop. He is buying some things. He wants a new pen. The shopkeeper gave him a good pen. Ravi gave five rupees for the pen.<\/i>\r\n\r\n--- Printed Page 153 ---\r\n

    Grammar Notes<\/b><\/h3>\r\n

    8.1 The Accusative Case<\/h2>\r\nThe Accusative case is used primarily to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. In Malayalam, the marker is the suffix -\u0d46<\/b> (-e<\/b>). However, its application is governed by the nature of the noun:\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. Animate Nouns:<\/b> For humans and higher animals, the accusative suffix is mandatory.\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b> (I saw him.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Inanimate Nouns:<\/b> For objects and abstract concepts, the accusative suffix is optional and frequently omitted, unless specific emphasis is required or the object is being personified.\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (He is reading the book.<\/i>) \u2014 Here \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/b> is in the nominative form acting as the object.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nWhen adding the suffix -\u0d46<\/b> (-e<\/b>) to nouns ending in vowels, sandhi rules apply. For example, nouns ending in -\u0d05<\/b> (-a<\/b>) typically add a -\u0d2f-<\/b> (-y-<\/b>) glide: \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/b> (Amma<\/b>) + -\u0d46<\/b> (-e<\/b>) = \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d46<\/b> (Ammaye<\/b>).\r\n

          8.2 The Dative Case<\/h2>\r\nThe Dative case indicates the indirect object, destination, or the subject of \"experience\" verbs. The suffixes are:\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • -\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-nu<\/b>) or -\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-inu<\/b>): Used for masculine and neuter nouns.<\/li>\r\n \t
          • -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (-kk\u016d<\/b>) or -\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (-kku<\/b>): Used for feminine nouns and many nouns ending in vowels.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

            Major Uses of the Dative:<\/b><\/h3>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. Indirect Object:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (He gave a pen to me.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. Destination:<\/b> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (I am going to the office.<\/i>) \u2014 Note: -\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> is a compound dative.<\/li>\r\n \t
            3. Possession (The \"To Have\" Construction):<\/b> Malayalam does not use a verb like \"to have.\" Instead, it uses the Dative + \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (u\u1e47\u1e6d\u016d<\/b>).\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d7b \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b> (To me a friend exists \/ I have a friend.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Experience\/Physical States:<\/b>\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (I am hungry.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t
                • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/b> (Are you thirsty?<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n--- Printed Page 154 ---\r\n

                  8.3 The Genitive Case<\/h2>\r\nThe Genitive case expresses possession, origin, or relationship. The markers are -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b> (-nte<\/b>) and -\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (-u\u1e6de<\/b>).\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b> (-nte<\/b>) is generally used with masculine animate nouns and pronouns like \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b> (I<\/i>), \u0d28\u0d40<\/b> (you<\/i>), and \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/b> (he<\/i>).\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28.<\/b> (His pen.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                    • -\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (-u\u1e6de<\/b>) is used with feminine nouns, plural pronouns, and many inanimate nouns.\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02.<\/b> (Her book.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b> (Our house.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                        8.4 The Instrumental Case<\/h2>\r\nThe Instrumental case indicates the means by which an action is performed or the agent. It is formed by adding the postposition \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (ko\u1e47\u1e6d\u016d<\/b>) to the accusative form of the noun or pronoun.\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b> (I can do this \/ It is possible by me.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (He cut with a knife.<\/i>) \u2014 Note: For inanimate objects, it is often added to the base form.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                          8.5 The Sociative Case<\/h2>\r\nThe Sociative case denotes companionship (\"with\"). The primary suffix is -\u0d13\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (-\u014d\u1e6d\u016d<\/b>), often used with verbs of communication. For physical accompaniment, the postposition \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (k\u016b\u1e6de<\/b>) is used following the genitive.\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41.<\/b> (He spoke to\/with me.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t
                          • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d42.<\/b> (Come with me.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n--- Printed Page 155 ---\r\n

                            8.6 The Locative Case<\/h2>\r\nThe Locative case denotes location in space or time. The suffix is -\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/b> (-il<\/b>).\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b> (He is in the room.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t
                            • \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d06\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b> (There is an exam next week.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                              8.7 Personal Pronouns and Social Nuance<\/h2>\r\nMalayalam grammar incorporates social hierarchy and inclusion in its pronoun system:\r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              1. First Person Plural:<\/b>\r\n
                                  \r\n \t
                                • \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d7e<\/b> (namma\u1e37<\/i>): Inclusive. It includes the person spoken to.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                • \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> (\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i>): Exclusive. It excludes the person spoken to.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                • Second Person:<\/b>\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  • \u0d28\u0d40<\/b> (n\u012b<\/i>): Singular and very informal (used for children or very close friends).<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> (ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i>): Plural or singular formal (polite).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • Third Person:<\/b> Pronouns like \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/b> (he) and \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e<\/b> (she) are proximate\/informal. In formal writing, honorifics or the plural \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c<\/b> (they) may be used for a single respected individual.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n--- Printed Page 156 ---\r\n

                                    Exercises<\/b><\/h3>\r\n

                                    Exercise 1: Translation to English<\/b><\/h4>\r\nTranslate the following sentences, paying close attention to the case endings.<\/i>\r\n
                                      \r\n \t
                                    1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    2. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d32\u0d48\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    3. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    4. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                    5. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                      Exercise 2: Dative Case Application<\/b><\/h4>\r\nFill in the blanks with the correct dative form of the pronoun indicated in parentheses.<\/i>\r\n
                                        \r\n \t
                                      1. ______ (I) \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      2. ______ (You, sing. informal) \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      3. ______ (She) \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      4. ______ (We, incl.) \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      5. ______ (He) \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n--- Printed Page 157 ---\r\n

                                        Exercise 3: Number Transformation<\/b><\/h4>\r\nRewrite the following sentences by changing the singular subject to its corresponding plural form (adjusting the case endings as necessary).<\/i>\r\n
                                          \r\n \t
                                        1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                        2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                        3. \u0d28\u0d40 \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                        4. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                          Exercise 4: English to Malayalam Translation<\/b><\/h4>\r\nTranslate the following phrases into Malayalam using the grammar rules from sections 8.3\u20138.6.<\/i>\r\n
                                            \r\n \t
                                          1. My house.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          2. With him.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          3. To her.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          4. In the room.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          5. Your (informal) friend.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                            Exercise 5: Case Identification<\/b><\/h4>\r\nIdentify the grammatical case of the bold and underlined words.<\/i>\r\n
                                              \r\n \t
                                            1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            2. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d41 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            3. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            4. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n--- Printed Page 158 ---\r\n

                                              Exercise 6: Verb Usage<\/b><\/h4>\r\nConstruct five sentences using the verb <\/i>\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/i> (to give) and different pronouns in the dative and accusative cases.<\/i>\r\n

                                              Exercise 7: Comprehension<\/b><\/h4>\r\nAnswer the following questions based on the \"Hey James!\" conversation in Malayalam script.<\/i>\r\n
                                                \r\n \t
                                              1. \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                              2. \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37?<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t
                                              3. \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41 \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                                Exercise 8: Error Correction<\/b><\/h4>\r\nIdentify and correct the grammatical errors in these sentences.<\/i>\r\n
                                                  \r\n \t
                                                1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b> (Target: I saw him)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                2. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/b> (Target: Can you come with me?)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                3. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (Check case logic)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                                  Exercise 9: Matching<\/b><\/h4>\r\nMatch the Malayalam pronoun with its correct English description.<\/i>\r\n
                                                    \r\n \t
                                                  1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c<\/b> \u2014 (a) You (formal\/plural)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  2. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> \u2014 (b) They<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  3. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> \u2014 (c) We (exclusive)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  4. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d7e<\/b> \u2014 (d) We (inclusive)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                                    Exercise 10: Composition<\/b><\/h4>\r\nWrite a short paragraph (4-5 sentences) in Malayalam describing your daily routine. Use at least one example of the Accusative, Dative, Genitive, and Locative cases.<\/i>\r\n\r\n--- Printed Page 171 ---","rendered":"

                                                    Source:<\/b> Malayalam: A University Course and Reference Grammar<\/i> Author:<\/b> Rodney F. Moag Lesson:<\/b> Eight (Pages 103\u2013125) Printed Pagination:<\/b> 149\u2013171<\/p>\n

                                                    Pagination Mapping and Navigation Key<\/b><\/h3>\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • Lesson Page 103<\/b> = Printed Page 149<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 104<\/b> = Printed Page 150<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 105<\/b> = Printed Page 151<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 106<\/b> = Printed Page 152<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 107<\/b> = Printed Page 153<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 108<\/b> = Printed Page 154<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 109<\/b> = Printed Page 155<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 110<\/b> = Printed Page 156<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 111<\/b> = Printed Page 157<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 112<\/b> = Printed Page 158<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 113<\/b> = Printed Page 159<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 114<\/b> = Printed Page 160<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 115<\/b> = Printed Page 161<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 116<\/b> = Printed Page 162<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 117<\/b> = Printed Page 163<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 118<\/b> = Printed Page 164<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 119<\/b> = Printed Page 165<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 120<\/b> = Printed Page 166<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 121<\/b> = Printed Page 167<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 122<\/b> = Printed Page 168<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 123<\/b> = Printed Page 169<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 124<\/b> = Printed Page 170<\/li>\n
                                                    • Lesson Page 125<\/b> = Printed Page 171<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      — Printed Page 149 —<\/p>\n

                                                      Reference List: Personal Pronoun Forms<\/b><\/h3>\n

                                                      The following table details the declensions of personal pronouns in Malayalam. Note that the oblique stem (used for cases other than the nominative) is provided where it differs from the base form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                      Malayalam Script<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nCase Category<\/td>\nEnglish Equivalent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\n\u00f1\u0101n<\/i><\/td>\nNominative<\/td>\nI<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nenne<\/i><\/td>\nAccusative<\/td>\nMe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\nenikk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\nDative<\/td>\nTo me \/ For me<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nente<\/i><\/td>\nGenitive<\/td>\nMy \/ Mine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\nennekko\u1e47\u1e6d\u016d<\/i><\/td>\nInstrumental<\/td>\nBy me \/ With me<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\nenn\u014d\u1e6d\u016d<\/i><\/td>\nSociative<\/td>\nTo me \/ With me<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/b><\/td>\nennil<\/i><\/td>\nLocative<\/td>\nIn me<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d40<\/b><\/td>\nn\u012b<\/i><\/td>\nNominative<\/td>\nYou (Singular\/Informal)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nninne<\/i><\/td>\nAccusative<\/td>\nYou<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\nninakk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\nDative<\/td>\nTo you<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nninte<\/i><\/td>\nGenitive<\/td>\nYour<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\nninn\u014d\u1e6d\u016d<\/i><\/td>\nSociative<\/td>\nTo you<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\nava\u1e49<\/i><\/td>\nNominative<\/td>\nHe (Proximate)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nava\u1e49e<\/i><\/td>\nAccusative<\/td>\nHim<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\nava\u1e49\u016d<\/i><\/td>\nDative<\/td>\nTo him<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nava\u1e49te<\/i><\/td>\nGenitive<\/td>\nHis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e<\/b><\/td>\nava\u1e37<\/i><\/td>\nNominative<\/td>\nShe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nava\u1e37e<\/i><\/td>\nAccusative<\/td>\nHer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\nava\u1e37kk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\nDative<\/td>\nTo her<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nava\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/i><\/td>\nGenitive<\/td>\nHer \/ Hers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d7e<\/b><\/td>\nnamma\u1e37<\/i><\/td>\nNominative<\/td>\nWe (Inclusive)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d33\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nnamma\u1e37e<\/i><\/td>\nAccusative<\/td>\nUs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\nnamukk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\nDative<\/td>\nTo us<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nnammu\u1e6de<\/i><\/td>\nGenitive<\/td>\nOur<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b><\/td>\n\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i><\/td>\nNominative<\/td>\nWe (Exclusive)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\n\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37e<\/i><\/td>\nAccusative<\/td>\nUs (Excl.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\n\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37kk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\nDative<\/td>\nTo us (Excl.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\n\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/i><\/td>\nGenitive<\/td>\nOur (Excl.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b><\/td>\nni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i><\/td>\nNominative<\/td>\nYou (Plural\/Formal)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37e<\/i><\/td>\nAccusative<\/td>\nYou (Pl.\/Form.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\nni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37kk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\nDative<\/td>\nTo you (Pl.\/Form.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c<\/b><\/td>\navar<\/i><\/td>\nNominative<\/td>\nThey<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\navare<\/i><\/td>\nAccusative<\/td>\nThem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\navarkk\u016d<\/i><\/td>\nDative<\/td>\nTo them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\navaru\u1e6de<\/i><\/td>\nGenitive<\/td>\nTheir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                      — Printed Page 150 —<\/p>\n

                                                      Lesson Vocabulary<\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                      Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\nEnglish Meaning \/ Part of Speech<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b><\/td>\nwith (Postposition)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37<\/b><\/td>\nexamination (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\nto study (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f<\/b><\/td>\nroom (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\nletter (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\nto write (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\nto send (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\nto say \/ to tell (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\nfather (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/b><\/td>\nmother (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\nto come (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d35\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\nto go (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\nto give (to a third person) (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d24\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\nto give (to the speaker\/first or second person) (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d28\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\nthing \/ object (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d38\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/td>\nto help (Verb)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\na little \/ some (Adverb\/Adjective)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d41\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\nalways (Adverb)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\ntime (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f<\/b><\/td>\nwork \/ job (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\nfriend (male) (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d24<\/b><\/td>\nfriend (female) (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d15\u0d1f<\/b><\/td>\nshop \/ store (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b<\/b><\/td>\nshopkeeper (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a<\/b><\/td>\nrupee (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\nhappiness (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d09\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a<\/b><\/td>\nnoon (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d02<\/b><\/td>\nfood (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\ncountry \/ native place (Noun)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b><\/td>\nto here \/ this way (Adverb)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                      — Printed Page 151 —<\/p>\n

                                                      Conversation: “Hey James!”<\/b><\/h3>\n

                                                      \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41:<\/b> \u0d39\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d! \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41? Hey James! Where are you going?<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d32\u0d48\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. I am going to the library.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41:<\/b> \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d32\u0d48\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d? Why are you going to the library now?<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d06\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. I have a little to study. The exam is next week.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02. Can you come with me? Let’s drink tea.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02. There is no time now, Venu. I will come later.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. Okay, let’s meet after your exam.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                      \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. Okay, see you.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                      — Printed Page 152 —<\/p>\n

                                                      Reading Practice<\/b><\/h3>\n

                                                      Section A<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                      \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d7b \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d35\u0d48\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/p>\n

                                                      Today I have a lot of work. I went to the office at eight o’clock in the morning. My friend was there. He helped me. We ate lunch together in the afternoon. In the evening I came home. My father and mother were there.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                      Section B<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                      \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d07\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/p>\n

                                                      Mary is writing a letter. She is sending the letter to her mother. Mary’s mother is in the home country. Next month mother is coming here. Mary is very happy.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                      Section C<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                      \u0d30\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41. \u0d30\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41.<\/p>\n

                                                      Ravi is going to the shop. He is buying some things. He wants a new pen. The shopkeeper gave him a good pen. Ravi gave five rupees for the pen.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                      — Printed Page 153 —<\/p>\n

                                                      Grammar Notes<\/b><\/h3>\n

                                                      8.1 The Accusative Case<\/h2>\n

                                                      The Accusative case is used primarily to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. In Malayalam, the marker is the suffix -\u0d46<\/b> (-e<\/b>). However, its application is governed by the nature of the noun:<\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      1. Animate Nouns:<\/b> For humans and higher animals, the accusative suffix is mandatory.\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b> (I saw him.<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                        • Inanimate Nouns:<\/b> For objects and abstract concepts, the accusative suffix is optional and frequently omitted, unless specific emphasis is required or the object is being personified.\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (He is reading the book.<\/i>) \u2014 Here \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/b> is in the nominative form acting as the object.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                            When adding the suffix -\u0d46<\/b> (-e<\/b>) to nouns ending in vowels, sandhi rules apply. For example, nouns ending in -\u0d05<\/b> (-a<\/b>) typically add a -\u0d2f-<\/b> (-y-<\/b>) glide: \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e<\/b> (Amma<\/b>) + -\u0d46<\/b> (-e<\/b>) = \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d46<\/b> (Ammaye<\/b>).<\/p>\n

                                                            8.2 The Dative Case<\/h2>\n

                                                            The Dative case indicates the indirect object, destination, or the subject of “experience” verbs. The suffixes are:<\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            • -\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-nu<\/b>) or -\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-inu<\/b>): Used for masculine and neuter nouns.<\/li>\n
                                                            • -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (-kk\u016d<\/b>) or -\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (-kku<\/b>): Used for feminine nouns and many nouns ending in vowels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                              Major Uses of the Dative:<\/b><\/h3>\n
                                                                \n
                                                              1. Indirect Object:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (He gave a pen to me.<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                                                              2. Destination:<\/b> \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (I am going to the office.<\/i>) \u2014 Note: -\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> is a compound dative.<\/li>\n
                                                              3. Possession (The “To Have” Construction):<\/b> Malayalam does not use a verb like “to have.” Instead, it uses the Dative + \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (u\u1e47\u1e6d\u016d<\/b>).\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d47\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d7b \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b> (To me a friend exists \/ I have a friend.<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                • Experience\/Physical States:<\/b>\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b> (I am hungry.<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                                                                  • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/b> (Are you thirsty?<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                    — Printed Page 154 —<\/p>\n

                                                                    8.3 The Genitive Case<\/h2>\n

                                                                    The Genitive case expresses possession, origin, or relationship. The markers are -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b> (-nte<\/b>) and -\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (-u\u1e6de<\/b>).<\/p>\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    • -\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b> (-nte<\/b>) is generally used with masculine animate nouns and pronouns like \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b<\/b> (I<\/i>), \u0d28\u0d40<\/b> (you<\/i>), and \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/b> (he<\/i>).\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28.<\/b> (His pen.<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      • -\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (-u\u1e6de<\/b>) is used with feminine nouns, plural pronouns, and many inanimate nouns.\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02.<\/b> (Her book.<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                                                                        • \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b> (Our house.<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                          8.4 The Instrumental Case<\/h2>\n

                                                                          The Instrumental case indicates the means by which an action is performed or the agent. It is formed by adding the postposition \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (ko\u1e47\u1e6d\u016d<\/b>) to the accusative form of the noun or pronoun.<\/p>\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b> (I can do this \/ It is possible by me.<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                                                                          • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (He cut with a knife.<\/i>) \u2014 Note: For inanimate objects, it is often added to the base form.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                            8.5 The Sociative Case<\/h2>\n

                                                                            The Sociative case denotes companionship (“with”). The primary suffix is -\u0d13\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/b> (-\u014d\u1e6d\u016d<\/b>), often used with verbs of communication. For physical accompaniment, the postposition \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46<\/b> (k\u016b\u1e6de<\/b>) is used following the genitive.<\/p>\n

                                                                              \n
                                                                            • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41.<\/b> (He spoke to\/with me.<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                                                                            • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d42.<\/b> (Come with me.<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                              — Printed Page 155 —<\/p>\n

                                                                              8.6 The Locative Case<\/h2>\n

                                                                              The Locative case denotes location in space or time. The suffix is -\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/b> (-il<\/b>).<\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              • \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b> (He is in the room.<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                                                                              • \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d06\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/b> (There is an exam next week.<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                8.7 Personal Pronouns and Social Nuance<\/h2>\n

                                                                                Malayalam grammar incorporates social hierarchy and inclusion in its pronoun system:<\/p>\n

                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. First Person Plural:<\/b>\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d7e<\/b> (namma\u1e37<\/i>): Inclusive. It includes the person spoken to.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> (\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i>): Exclusive. It excludes the person spoken to.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • Second Person:<\/b>\n
                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    • \u0d28\u0d40<\/b> (n\u012b<\/i>): Singular and very informal (used for children or very close friends).<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> (ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i>): Plural or singular formal (polite).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • Third Person:<\/b> Pronouns like \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/b> (he) and \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e<\/b> (she) are proximate\/informal. In formal writing, honorifics or the plural \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c<\/b> (they) may be used for a single respected individual.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                      — Printed Page 156 —<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Exercises<\/b><\/h3>\n

                                                                                      Exercise 1: Translation to English<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                                                      Translate the following sentences, paying close attention to the case endings.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                      2. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d32\u0d48\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                      3. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                      4. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                      5. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                        Exercise 2: Dative Case Application<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                                                        Fill in the blanks with the correct dative form of the pronoun indicated in parentheses.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        1. ______ (I) \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                                                        2. ______ (You, sing. informal) \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                                                                                        3. ______ (She) \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                        4. ______ (We, incl.) \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                                                        5. ______ (He) \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                          — Printed Page 157 —<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Exercise 3: Number Transformation<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                                                          Rewrite the following sentences by changing the singular subject to its corresponding plural form (adjusting the case endings as necessary).<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                          2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                          3. \u0d28\u0d40 \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41?<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                          4. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                            Exercise 4: English to Malayalam Translation<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                                                            Translate the following phrases into Malayalam using the grammar rules from sections 8.3\u20138.6.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            1. My house.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            2. With him.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            3. To her.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            4. In the room.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            5. Your (informal) friend.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                              Exercise 5: Case Identification<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                                                              Identify the grammatical case of the bold and underlined words.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                                                \n
                                                                                              1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              2. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d41 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              3. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              4. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                — Printed Page 158 —<\/p>\n

                                                                                                Exercise 6: Verb Usage<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                                                                Construct five sentences using the verb <\/i>\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/b><\/i> (to give) and different pronouns in the dative and accusative cases.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                                                Exercise 7: Comprehension<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                                                                Answer the following questions based on the “Hey James!” conversation in Malayalam script.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                1. \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                                2. \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37?<\/b><\/li>\n
                                                                                                3. \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d41 \u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                  Exercise 8: Error Correction<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                                                                  Identify and correct the grammatical errors in these sentences.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                  1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/b> (Target: I saw him)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  2. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/b> (Target: Can you come with me?)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  3. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/b> (Check case logic)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                    Exercise 9: Matching<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                                                                    Match the Malayalam pronoun with its correct English description.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                    1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c<\/b> \u2014 (a) You (formal\/plural)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    2. \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> \u2014 (b) They<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    3. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/b> \u2014 (c) We (exclusive)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    4. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d7e<\/b> \u2014 (d) We (inclusive)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                      Exercise 10: Composition<\/b><\/h4>\n

                                                                                                      Write a short paragraph (4-5 sentences) in Malayalam describing your daily routine. Use at least one example of the Accusative, Dative, Genitive, and Locative cases.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                                                      — Printed Page 171 —<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-38","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/revisions\/134"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=38"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=38"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=38"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}