{"id":34,"date":"2026-05-11T18:12:27","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T17:12:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-six-directions-and-grammar\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T09:21:09","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T08:21:09","slug":"lesson-six-directions-and-grammar","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-six-directions-and-grammar\/","title":{"raw":"Lesson Six: Directions and Grammar","rendered":"Lesson Six: Directions and Grammar"},"content":{"raw":"Lesson Number:<\/b> Six Lesson Title:<\/b> Directions and Grammar Lesson Page Range:<\/b> 67-85 Printed Page Range:<\/b> 113-131\r\n

Reference List: Possessive Pronouns<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 67 \/ Printed Page 113<\/b>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Malayalam Script (Unicode)<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nEnglish Meaning<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/td>\r\ne\u1e49\u1e6fe<\/td>\r\nMy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/td>\r\nni\u1e49\u1e6fe<\/td>\r\nYour (singular, informal)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/td>\r\nava\u1e49\u1e6fe<\/td>\r\nHis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\r\nava\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/td>\r\nHer<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/td>\r\nati\u1e49\u1e6fe<\/td>\r\nIts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\r\nnammu\u1e6de<\/td>\r\nOur (inclusive)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\r\n\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/td>\r\nOur (exclusive)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\r\nni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/td>\r\nYour (plural or formal)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\r\navaru\u1e6de<\/td>\r\nTheir (people)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\r\navayu\u1e6de<\/td>\r\nTheir (things)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

Lesson Vocabulary<\/h2>\r\nLesson Pages 67-68 \/ Printed Pages 113-114<\/b>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Malayalam Word\/Phrase (Unicode)<\/td>\r\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Nouns and Directions<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nNorth (va\u1e6dakk\u01d4)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nSouth (tekk\u01d4)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d34\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nEast (ki\u1e3bakk\u01d4)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nWest (pa\u1e6di\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e5f\u01d4)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d \/ \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nLeft \/ To the left<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d \/ \u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nRight \/ To the right<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d35\u0d36\u0d02<\/td>\r\nLeft side<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d35\u0d36\u0d02<\/td>\r\nRight side<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d46<\/td>\r\nStraight<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f<\/td>\r\nWay \/ Path \/ Road<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d15\u0d35\u0d32<\/td>\r\nJunction<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d<\/td>\r\nHotel \/ Restaurant<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\r\nDistance<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2e\u0d48\u0d7d<\/td>\r\nMile<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2b\u0d7c\u0d32\u0d4b\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nFurlong<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41<\/td>\r\nNear<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\r\nIn front of<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\r\nBehind<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33<\/td>\r\nNearby \/ Next<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/td>\r\nMarket \/ Bazaar<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d35\u0d47 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b<\/td>\r\nRailway station<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nBus stand<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Verbs and Phrases<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo turn<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d35\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo go<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo reach \/ arrive<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo know<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo tell \/ To point out (for someone)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nTo see<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\r\nCan see<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/td>\r\nWhere is?<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/td>\r\nDo (you) know?<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41\u0d24\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/td>\r\nWill (you) tell\/point out?<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nAfter a little while<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

Reading Practice A<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 69 \/ Printed Page 115<\/b>\r\n\r\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d02 \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d35\u0d36\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d.\r\n\r\nMy house is near the junction. From there, one must go north. If you go a little distance, you can see a large hotel. My house is on the right side of the hotel.\r\n

Reading Practice B<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 70 \/ Printed Page 116<\/b>\r\n\r\n\u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d35\u0d47 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e.\r\n\r\nIf you go straight this way, you can reach the railway station. In front of the station, there is a bus stand. From there, one must turn south. Then you can see a small market. The school is behind the market.\r\n\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

Conversation: \"Do You Know the Brahmin Hotel? (Directions)\"<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 71 \/ Printed Page 117<\/b>\r\n\r\nSpeaker A:<\/b> \u0d08 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? \u012a a\u1e6dutt\u01d4 oru br\u0101hma\u1e47a h\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dal u\u1e47\u1e6d\u014d?<\/i> Is there a Brahmin hotel nearby?<\/i>\r\n\r\nSpeaker B:<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. U\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4. At\u01d4 kavalaykka\u1e6dutt\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> Yes, there is. It is near the junction.<\/i>\r\n\r\nSpeaker A:<\/b> \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41\u0d24\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b? Kavalaykk\u01d4 e\u1e45\u1e45ane p\u014dka\u1e47a\u1e43 e\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 pa\u1e5fa\u00f1\u00f1utarum\u014d?<\/i> Will you tell me how to go to the junction?<\/i>\r\n\r\nSpeaker B:<\/b> \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15. \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u012a va\u1e3bi n\u0113r\u0113 p\u014dkuka. Alpa\u1e43 ka\u1e3bi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101l oru valiya va\u1e3bi k\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43.<\/i> Go straight this way. After a little while, you will see a big road.<\/i>\r\n\r\nSpeaker A:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d23\u0d02? Avi\u1e6de ni\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 e\u1e45\u1e45\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 tiriya\u1e47a\u1e43?<\/i> Which way should I turn from there?<\/i>\r\n\r\nSpeaker B:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32. Avi\u1e6de ni\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 i\u1e6datt\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 tiriya\u1e47a\u1e43. At\u0101\u1e47\u01d4 kavala.<\/i> From there, you must turn left. That is the junction.<\/i>\r\n\r\nSpeaker A:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b? Avi\u1e6de ni\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 h\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dal d\u016br\u0113y\u0101\u1e47\u014d?<\/i> Is the hotel far from there?<\/i>\r\n\r\nSpeaker B:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d35\u0d36\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. Alla, va\u1e37are a\u1e6dutt\u0101\u1e47\u01d4. Kavalayu\u1e6de i\u1e6dattuva\u015batt\u01d4 h\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dal k\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43.<\/i> No, it is very near. You can see the hotel on the left side of the junction.<\/i>\r\n\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

6.1 The Genitive Case (Possessive)<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 72 \/ Printed Page 118<\/b>\r\n\r\nThe genitive case, often called the possessive, expresses a relationship of ownership or association between two nouns. In Malayalam, the genitive is formed by adding one of two suffixes, -u\u1e6de<\/b> (\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46) or -inte<\/b> (\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46), to the noun stem.\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. The Suffix -u\u1e6de:<\/b> This is typically added to nouns ending in the vowel \/-a\/, particularly proper names and certain pronouns. When added to a noun ending in \/-a\/, a \/-y-\/ glide is often inserted for phonological reasons (e.g., amma<\/i> + u\u1e6de<\/i> = ammayu\u1e6de<\/i>).<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. The Suffix -inte:<\/b> This is the more common suffix and is added to nouns ending in consonants or the enunciative vowel \/-u\/. For many nouns ending in \/-an\/, the \/-n\/ is replaced by the augment -in-<\/b> before the suffix \/-te\/ is added, resulting in the \/-inte\/ ending. Similarly, nouns ending in \/-m\/ change the \/-m\/ to \/-tt-\/ before adding the \/-inte\/ suffix (e.g., maram<\/i> becomes marattinte<\/i>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nNote the morphophonemic changes involving the augment \/-in-\/; it serves as a bridge between the noun base and the case marker.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Malayalam Genitive<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nR\u0101ma\u1e49te v\u012b\u1e6d\u01d4<\/td>\r\nRama's house<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nAmmayu\u1e6de p\u0113r\u01d4<\/td>\r\nMother's name<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\r\nH\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dali\u1e49te munpil<\/td>\r\nIn front of the hotel<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/td>\r\nE\u1e49\u1e6fe pustaka\u1e43<\/td>\r\nMy book<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d2e\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nMaratti\u1e49te komb\u01d4<\/td>\r\nThe tree's branch<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

    6.2 Nouns of Place and Direction<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 73 \/ Printed Page 119<\/b>\r\n\r\nMalayalam directions are essentially nouns of place. They can function as the subject of a sentence or take various case endings. In their base form, they indicate the general direction.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Direction (Noun)<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nMalayalam<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    North<\/td>\r\nva\u1e6dakk\u01d4<\/td>\r\n\u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    South<\/td>\r\ntekk\u01d4<\/td>\r\n\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    East<\/td>\r\nki\u1e3bakk\u01d4<\/td>\r\n\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d34\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    West<\/td>\r\npa\u1e6di\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e5f\u01d4<\/td>\r\n\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nThese nouns are distinct from the adverbial forms used when expressing movement towards these directions, which require the dative of direction.\r\n

    6.3 The Dative of Direction (-\u0113kk\u01d4)<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 74 \/ Printed Page 120<\/b>\r\n\r\nTo express movement \"to\" or \"towards\" a place or direction, Malayalam uses the directional suffix -\u0113kk\u01d4<\/b> (\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\/\u0d32\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d). This suffix is not added directly to the nominative stem but is appended to the dative form of the noun.\r\n\r\nFor example, the dative of kavala<\/i> (junction) is kavalaykk\u01d4<\/i>. To say \"to the junction,\" the \/-\u01d4\/ of the dative is dropped and \/-\u0113kk\u01d4\/ is added: kavalaykk\u0113kk\u01d4<\/i>. In common speech, the \/-kk-\/ of the dative base is often preserved. With cardinal directions, the \/-\u01d4\/ is replaced: va\u1e6dakk\u01d4<\/i> + \u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i> (a variant of the directional) or va\u1e6dakk\u0113kk\u01d4<\/i>.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Malayalam Phrase<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nVa\u1e6dakk\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 p\u014dkuka<\/td>\r\nGo towards the north<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15<\/td>\r\nV\u012b\u1e6d\u1e6dil\u0113kk\u01d4 varika<\/td>\r\nCome to the house<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\r\n\u014cph\u012bsil\u0113kk\u01d4<\/td>\r\nTo the office<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

    6.4 The Verb 'A\u1e5fiyuka' (To Know)<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 75 \/ Printed Page 121<\/b>\r\n\r\nThe verb a\u1e5fiyuka<\/b> (\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15) is a \"dative subject\" verb. In Malayalam, verbs of knowledge, feeling, or necessity often require the person experiencing the state to be in the dative case, while the object of the knowledge remains in the nominative.\r\n\r\nThe pattern is: [Person in Dative] + [Object in Nominative] + a\u1e5fiy\u0101\u1e43<\/b>.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Malayalam Sentence<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\r\nE\u1e49ikk\u01d4 \u012b va\u1e3bi a\u1e5fiy\u0101\u1e43<\/td>\r\nI know this way<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/td>\r\nNi\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37kk\u01d4 ava\u1e49e a\u1e5fiy\u0101m\u014d?<\/td>\r\nDo you know him?<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\r\nAva\u1e37kk\u01d4 malay\u0101\u1e37a\u1e43 a\u1e5fiy\u0101\u1e43<\/td>\r\nShe knows Malayalam<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

    6.5 Postpositions of Place<\/h2>\r\nLesson Pages 76-77 \/ Printed Pages 122-123<\/b>\r\n\r\nSpatial relationships in Malayalam are expressed through postpositions rather than prepositions. These postpositions follow a noun, which must be in the genitive case (for location relative to an object) or sometimes the dative case (for proximity).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Postposition<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nMeaning<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41<\/td>\r\na\u1e6dutt\u01d4<\/td>\r\nNear<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\r\nmunpil<\/td>\r\nIn front of<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\r\npinnil<\/td>\r\nBehind<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\r\nmuka\u1e37il<\/td>\r\nAbove \/ On top<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d46<\/td>\r\nt\u0101\u1e3be<\/td>\r\nBelow \/ Under<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\r\nu\u1e37\u1e37il<\/td>\r\nInside<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/td>\r\npu\u1e5fatt\u01d4<\/td>\r\nOutside<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nExamples:<\/b>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • v\u012b\u1e6d\u1e6di\u1e49te munpil<\/i> (\u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d) - In front of the house.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • h\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dali\u1e49te a\u1e6dutt\u01d4<\/i> (\u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d) - Near the hotel.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

      6.6 The Imperative in -uka<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 78 \/ Printed Page 124<\/b>\r\n\r\nThe citation form of the verb, ending in the suffix -uka<\/b> (\u0d09\u0d15), functions as a formal or polite imperative. It is less abrupt than the verb root and is commonly used in giving directions or instructions in textbooks and formal discourse.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
      Malayalam Sentence<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nN\u0113r\u0113 p\u014dkuka<\/td>\r\nGo straight<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nIvi\u1e6de irikkuka<\/td>\r\nSit here<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\r\nI\u1e6datt\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 tiriyuka<\/td>\r\nTurn to the left<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

      6.7 Ordinal Numerals<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 79 \/ Printed Page 125<\/b>\r\n\r\nOrdinal numerals (first, second, third, etc.) are derived from cardinal numbers by adding the suffixes -\u0101m<\/b> (\u0d06\u0d02) or -\u0101matte<\/b> (\u0d06\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46). The \/-\u0101m\/ form is often used as a predicate or in titles, while \/-\u0101matte\/ is the attributive form used before a noun.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
      Cardinal<\/td>\r\nOrdinal (-\u0101matte)<\/td>\r\nEnglish Meaning<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d (1)<\/td>\r\n\u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 (o\u1e49\u1e49\u0101matte)<\/td>\r\nFirst<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (2)<\/td>\r\n\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 (re\u1e47\u1e6d\u0101matte)<\/td>\r\nSecond<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d (3)<\/td>\r\n\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 (m\u016b\u1e49\u1e49\u0101matte)<\/td>\r\nThird<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d (4)<\/td>\r\n\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 (n\u0101l\u0101matte)<\/td>\r\nFourth<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d (5)<\/td>\r\n\u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 (a\u00f1c\u0101matte)<\/td>\r\nFifth<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

      6.8 Measures of Distance and Time<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 80 \/ Printed Page 126<\/b>\r\n\r\nWhen expressing distance or time duration, the quantity precedes the unit. Measures like mail\u01d4<\/i> (mile) or pharl\u014d\u1e45\u1e45\u01d4<\/i> (furlong) are treated as nouns and often followed by the word d\u016bra\u1e43<\/i> (distance) to specify the extent of space.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
      Malayalam Phrase<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d48\u0d7d \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\r\nRe\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4 mail\u01d4 d\u016bra\u1e43<\/td>\r\nTwo miles distance<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2b\u0d7c\u0d32\u0d4b\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nM\u016b\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 pharl\u014d\u1e45\u1e45\u01d4<\/td>\r\nThree furlongs<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d4d<\/td>\r\nAlpa\u1e43 ka\u1e3bi\u00f1\u00f1\u01d4<\/td>\r\nAfter a little while<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15<\/td>\r\nOru n\u0101\u1e3bika<\/td>\r\nA traditional measure of time (approx. 24 mins)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n

      Exercise 1<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 81 \/ Printed Page 127<\/b>\r\n\r\nChange the following nouns into the genitive (possessive) form using the correct suffix (-u\u1e6de<\/b> or -inte<\/b>).\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b (R\u0101ma\u1e49)<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e (Amma)<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d (H\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dal)<\/li>\r\n \t
      4. \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d (V\u012b\u1e6d\u01d4)<\/li>\r\n \t
      5. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b (S\u1e6f\u0113\u1e63a\u1e49)<\/li>\r\n \t
      6. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e (Sk\u016b\u1e37)<\/li>\r\n \t
      7. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d7b (Accha\u1e49)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

        Exercise 2<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 81 \/ Printed Page 127<\/b>\r\n\r\nTranslate the following directional phrases into Malayalam using the nominative forms.\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. North<\/li>\r\n \t
        2. South<\/li>\r\n \t
        3. East<\/li>\r\n \t
        4. West<\/li>\r\n \t
        5. Right side<\/li>\r\n \t
        6. Left side<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

          Exercise 3<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 82 \/ Printed Page 128<\/b>\r\n\r\nAdd the directional suffix -\u0113kk\u01d4<\/b> (or the variant -\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4<\/b>) to the following nouns to indicate \"towards.\"\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32 (Kavala)<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e (Sk\u016b\u1e37)<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f (A\u1e45\u1e45\u0101\u1e6di)<\/li>\r\n \t
          4. \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d (I\u1e6dat\u01d4)<\/li>\r\n \t
          5. \u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d (Valat\u01d4)<\/li>\r\n \t
          6. \u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d (Tekk\u01d4)<\/li>\r\n \t
          7. \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d (V\u012b\u1e6d\u01d4)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

            Exercise 4<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 82 \/ Printed Page 128<\/b>\r\n\r\nAnswer the following questions based on the \"A\u1e5fiy\u0101m\u014d\" (Do you know?) pattern. Provide a full sentence answer in the affirmative or negative as indicated.\r\n\r\nModel:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (Yes) \u0d09\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d4d, \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02. (Uvv\u01d4, e\u1e49ikk\u01d4 \u012b va\u1e3bi a\u1e5fiy\u0101\u1e43.)\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (No)<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (Yes)<\/li>\r\n \t
            3. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (No)<\/li>\r\n \t
            4. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (Yes)<\/li>\r\n \t
            5. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (Yes)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

              Exercise 5<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 83 \/ Printed Page 129<\/b>\r\n\r\nConvert the cardinal numbers to ordinal numbers using the -\u0101matte<\/b> suffix and use them with the noun \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f<\/b> (va\u1e3bi - path\/road).\r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d (O\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4)<\/li>\r\n \t
              2. \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (Re\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4)<\/li>\r\n \t
              3. \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d (M\u016b\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4)<\/li>\r\n \t
              4. \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d (N\u0101l\u01d4)<\/li>\r\n \t
              5. \u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d (A\u00f1c\u01d4)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                Exercise 6<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 83 \/ Printed Page 129<\/b>\r\n\r\nChange the following verbs from the present tense to the polite imperative form ending in -uka<\/b>.\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                1. \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (p\u014dkunnu - goes)<\/li>\r\n \t
                2. \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (varunnu - comes)<\/li>\r\n \t
                3. \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (tiriyunnu - turns)<\/li>\r\n \t
                4. \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (irikkunnu - sits)<\/li>\r\n \t
                5. \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (k\u0101\u1e47unnu - sees)<\/li>\r\n \t
                6. \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (pa\u1e5fayunnu - says)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                  Exercise 7<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 84 \/ Printed Page 130<\/b>\r\n\r\nTranslate the following sentences into English.\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  1. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  3. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  4. \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  5. \u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d35\u0d47 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                    Exercise 8<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 84 \/ Printed Page 130<\/b>\r\n\r\nFill in the blanks with the correct postposition based on the context provided in the reading practices (munpil<\/b>, pinnil<\/b>, a\u1e6dutt\u01d4<\/b>).\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    1. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 ________ \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    2. \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 ________ \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    3. \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d ________ \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    4. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 ________ \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                      Exercise 9<\/h2>\r\nLesson Page 85 \/ Printed Page 131<\/b>\r\n\r\nWrite a short paragraph in Malayalam giving directions. Imagine a traveler at the junction (kavala) asking for your house. Use at least three directional terms (north, south, left, etc.), two ordinal numbers (first, second), and two postpositions (near, in front of).\r\n\r\nModel \/ Example:<\/b> \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15. \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d2e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d2e\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d. (Kavalayil ni\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 n\u0113r\u0113 p\u014dkuka. Re\u1e47\u1e6d\u0101matte va\u1e3biyil ni\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 i\u1e6datt\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 tiriya\u1e49a\u1e43. Avi\u1e6de oru valiya mara\u1e43 k\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43. Maratti\u1e49te a\u1e6dutt\u0101\u1e47\u01d4 e\u1e49\u1e6fe v\u012b\u1e6d\u01d4.)","rendered":"

                      Lesson Number:<\/b> Six Lesson Title:<\/b> Directions and Grammar Lesson Page Range:<\/b> 67-85 Printed Page Range:<\/b> 113-131<\/p>\n

                      Reference List: Possessive Pronouns<\/h2>\n

                      Lesson Page 67 \/ Printed Page 113<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      Malayalam Script (Unicode)<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish Meaning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/td>\ne\u1e49\u1e6fe<\/td>\nMy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/td>\nni\u1e49\u1e6fe<\/td>\nYour (singular, informal)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/td>\nava\u1e49\u1e6fe<\/td>\nHis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\nava\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/td>\nHer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/td>\nati\u1e49\u1e6fe<\/td>\nIts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\nnammu\u1e6de<\/td>\nOur (inclusive)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\n\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/td>\nOur (exclusive)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\nni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/td>\nYour (plural or formal)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\navaru\u1e6de<\/td>\nTheir (people)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\navayu\u1e6de<\/td>\nTheir (things)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                      Lesson Vocabulary<\/h2>\n

                      Lesson Pages 67-68 \/ Printed Pages 113-114<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      Malayalam Word\/Phrase (Unicode)<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      Nouns and Directions<\/b><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\nNorth (va\u1e6dakk\u01d4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\nSouth (tekk\u01d4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d34\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\nEast (ki\u1e3bakk\u01d4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d<\/td>\nWest (pa\u1e6di\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e5f\u01d4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d \/ \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nLeft \/ To the left<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d \/ \u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nRight \/ To the right<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d35\u0d36\u0d02<\/td>\nLeft side<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d35\u0d36\u0d02<\/td>\nRight side<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d46<\/td>\nStraight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f<\/td>\nWay \/ Path \/ Road<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32<\/td>\nJunction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d<\/td>\nHotel \/ Restaurant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\nDistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2e\u0d48\u0d7d<\/td>\nMile<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2b\u0d7c\u0d32\u0d4b\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4d<\/td>\nFurlong<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41<\/td>\nNear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\nIn front of<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\nBehind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33<\/td>\nNearby \/ Next<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f<\/td>\nMarket \/ Bazaar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d35\u0d47 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b<\/td>\nRailway station<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d<\/td>\nBus stand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      Verbs and Phrases<\/b><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo turn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d35\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo go<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo reach \/ arrive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo know<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15<\/td>\nTo tell \/ To point out (for someone)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nTo see<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\nCan see<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/td>\nWhere is?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/td>\nDo (you) know?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41\u0d24\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/td>\nWill (you) tell\/point out?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d4d<\/td>\nAfter a little while<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                      Reading Practice A<\/h2>\n

                      Lesson Page 69 \/ Printed Page 115<\/b><\/p>\n

                      \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d02 \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d35\u0d36\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/p>\n

                      My house is near the junction. From there, one must go north. If you go a little distance, you can see a large hotel. My house is on the right side of the hotel.<\/p>\n

                      Reading Practice B<\/h2>\n

                      Lesson Page 70 \/ Printed Page 116<\/b><\/p>\n

                      \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d35\u0d47 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e.<\/p>\n

                      If you go straight this way, you can reach the railway station. In front of the station, there is a bus stand. From there, one must turn south. Then you can see a small market. The school is behind the market.<\/p>\n

                      ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                      Conversation: “Do You Know the Brahmin Hotel? (Directions)”<\/h2>\n

                      Lesson Page 71 \/ Printed Page 117<\/b><\/p>\n

                      Speaker A:<\/b> \u0d08 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d23 \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? \u012a a\u1e6dutt\u01d4 oru br\u0101hma\u1e47a h\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dal u\u1e47\u1e6d\u014d?<\/i> Is there a Brahmin hotel nearby?<\/i><\/p>\n

                      Speaker B:<\/b> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. U\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4. At\u01d4 kavalaykka\u1e6dutt\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> Yes, there is. It is near the junction.<\/i><\/p>\n

                      Speaker A:<\/b> \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41\u0d24\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4b? Kavalaykk\u01d4 e\u1e45\u1e45ane p\u014dka\u1e47a\u1e43 e\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 pa\u1e5fa\u00f1\u00f1utarum\u014d?<\/i> Will you tell me how to go to the junction?<\/i><\/p>\n

                      Speaker B:<\/b> \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15. \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u012a va\u1e3bi n\u0113r\u0113 p\u014dkuka. Alpa\u1e43 ka\u1e3bi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101l oru valiya va\u1e3bi k\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43.<\/i> Go straight this way. After a little while, you will see a big road.<\/i><\/p>\n

                      Speaker A:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d23\u0d02? Avi\u1e6de ni\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 e\u1e45\u1e45\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 tiriya\u1e47a\u1e43?<\/i> Which way should I turn from there?<\/i><\/p>\n

                      Speaker B:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32. Avi\u1e6de ni\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 i\u1e6datt\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 tiriya\u1e47a\u1e43. At\u0101\u1e47\u01d4 kavala.<\/i> From there, you must turn left. That is the junction.<\/i><\/p>\n

                      Speaker A:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b? Avi\u1e6de ni\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 h\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dal d\u016br\u0113y\u0101\u1e47\u014d?<\/i> Is the hotel far from there?<\/i><\/p>\n

                      Speaker B:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d35\u0d36\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. Alla, va\u1e37are a\u1e6dutt\u0101\u1e47\u01d4. Kavalayu\u1e6de i\u1e6dattuva\u015batt\u01d4 h\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dal k\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43.<\/i> No, it is very near. You can see the hotel on the left side of the junction.<\/i><\/p>\n

                      ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                      6.1 The Genitive Case (Possessive)<\/h2>\n

                      Lesson Page 72 \/ Printed Page 118<\/b><\/p>\n

                      The genitive case, often called the possessive, expresses a relationship of ownership or association between two nouns. In Malayalam, the genitive is formed by adding one of two suffixes, -u\u1e6de<\/b> (\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46) or -inte<\/b> (\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46), to the noun stem.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. The Suffix -u\u1e6de:<\/b> This is typically added to nouns ending in the vowel \/-a\/, particularly proper names and certain pronouns. When added to a noun ending in \/-a\/, a \/-y-\/ glide is often inserted for phonological reasons (e.g., amma<\/i> + u\u1e6de<\/i> = ammayu\u1e6de<\/i>).<\/li>\n
                      2. The Suffix -inte:<\/b> This is the more common suffix and is added to nouns ending in consonants or the enunciative vowel \/-u\/. For many nouns ending in \/-an\/, the \/-n\/ is replaced by the augment -in-<\/b> before the suffix \/-te\/ is added, resulting in the \/-inte\/ ending. Similarly, nouns ending in \/-m\/ change the \/-m\/ to \/-tt-\/ before adding the \/-inte\/ suffix (e.g., maram<\/i> becomes marattinte<\/i>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Note the morphophonemic changes involving the augment \/-in-\/; it serves as a bridge between the noun base and the case marker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Malayalam Genitive<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nR\u0101ma\u1e49te v\u012b\u1e6d\u01d4<\/td>\nRama’s house<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d<\/td>\nAmmayu\u1e6de p\u0113r\u01d4<\/td>\nMother’s name<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\nH\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dali\u1e49te munpil<\/td>\nIn front of the hotel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/td>\nE\u1e49\u1e6fe pustaka\u1e43<\/td>\nMy book<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2e\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/td>\nMaratti\u1e49te komb\u01d4<\/td>\nThe tree’s branch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        6.2 Nouns of Place and Direction<\/h2>\n

                        Lesson Page 73 \/ Printed Page 119<\/b><\/p>\n

                        Malayalam directions are essentially nouns of place. They can function as the subject of a sentence or take various case endings. In their base form, they indicate the general direction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Direction (Noun)<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nMalayalam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        North<\/td>\nva\u1e6dakk\u01d4<\/td>\n\u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        South<\/td>\ntekk\u01d4<\/td>\n\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        East<\/td>\nki\u1e3bakk\u01d4<\/td>\n\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d34\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        West<\/td>\npa\u1e6di\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e5f\u01d4<\/td>\n\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        These nouns are distinct from the adverbial forms used when expressing movement towards these directions, which require the dative of direction.<\/p>\n

                        6.3 The Dative of Direction (-\u0113kk\u01d4)<\/h2>\n

                        Lesson Page 74 \/ Printed Page 120<\/b><\/p>\n

                        To express movement “to” or “towards” a place or direction, Malayalam uses the directional suffix -\u0113kk\u01d4<\/b> (\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\/\u0d32\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d). This suffix is not added directly to the nominative stem but is appended to the dative form of the noun.<\/p>\n

                        For example, the dative of kavala<\/i> (junction) is kavalaykk\u01d4<\/i>. To say “to the junction,” the \/-\u01d4\/ of the dative is dropped and \/-\u0113kk\u01d4\/ is added: kavalaykk\u0113kk\u01d4<\/i>. In common speech, the \/-kk-\/ of the dative base is often preserved. With cardinal directions, the \/-\u01d4\/ is replaced: va\u1e6dakk\u01d4<\/i> + \u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i> (a variant of the directional) or va\u1e6dakk\u0113kk\u01d4<\/i>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Malayalam Phrase<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nVa\u1e6dakk\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 p\u014dkuka<\/td>\nGo towards the north<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15<\/td>\nV\u012b\u1e6d\u1e6dil\u0113kk\u01d4 varika<\/td>\nCome to the house<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/td>\n\u014cph\u012bsil\u0113kk\u01d4<\/td>\nTo the office<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        6.4 The Verb ‘A\u1e5fiyuka’ (To Know)<\/h2>\n

                        Lesson Page 75 \/ Printed Page 121<\/b><\/p>\n

                        The verb a\u1e5fiyuka<\/b> (\u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15) is a “dative subject” verb. In Malayalam, verbs of knowledge, feeling, or necessity often require the person experiencing the state to be in the dative case, while the object of the knowledge remains in the nominative.<\/p>\n

                        The pattern is: [Person in Dative] + [Object in Nominative] + a\u1e5fiy\u0101\u1e43<\/b>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Malayalam Sentence<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\nE\u1e49ikk\u01d4 \u012b va\u1e3bi a\u1e5fiy\u0101\u1e43<\/td>\nI know this way<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b?<\/td>\nNi\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37kk\u01d4 ava\u1e49e a\u1e5fiy\u0101m\u014d?<\/td>\nDo you know him?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\nAva\u1e37kk\u01d4 malay\u0101\u1e37a\u1e43 a\u1e5fiy\u0101\u1e43<\/td>\nShe knows Malayalam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        6.5 Postpositions of Place<\/h2>\n

                        Lesson Pages 76-77 \/ Printed Pages 122-123<\/b><\/p>\n

                        Spatial relationships in Malayalam are expressed through postpositions rather than prepositions. These postpositions follow a noun, which must be in the genitive case (for location relative to an object) or sometimes the dative case (for proximity).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Postposition<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nMeaning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41<\/td>\na\u1e6dutt\u01d4<\/td>\nNear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\nmunpil<\/td>\nIn front of<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\npinnil<\/td>\nBehind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\nmuka\u1e37il<\/td>\nAbove \/ On top<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d46<\/td>\nt\u0101\u1e3be<\/td>\nBelow \/ Under<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\nu\u1e37\u1e37il<\/td>\nInside<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/td>\npu\u1e5fatt\u01d4<\/td>\nOutside<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        Examples:<\/b><\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • v\u012b\u1e6d\u1e6di\u1e49te munpil<\/i> (\u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d) – In front of the house.<\/li>\n
                        • h\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dali\u1e49te a\u1e6dutt\u01d4<\/i> (\u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d) – Near the hotel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          6.6 The Imperative in -uka<\/h2>\n

                          Lesson Page 78 \/ Printed Page 124<\/b><\/p>\n

                          The citation form of the verb, ending in the suffix -uka<\/b> (\u0d09\u0d15), functions as a formal or polite imperative. It is less abrupt than the verb root and is commonly used in giving directions or instructions in textbooks and formal discourse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          Malayalam Sentence<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nN\u0113r\u0113 p\u014dkuka<\/td>\nGo straight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nIvi\u1e6de irikkuka<\/td>\nSit here<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15<\/td>\nI\u1e6datt\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 tiriyuka<\/td>\nTurn to the left<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          6.7 Ordinal Numerals<\/h2>\n

                          Lesson Page 79 \/ Printed Page 125<\/b><\/p>\n

                          Ordinal numerals (first, second, third, etc.) are derived from cardinal numbers by adding the suffixes -\u0101m<\/b> (\u0d06\u0d02) or -\u0101matte<\/b> (\u0d06\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46). The \/-\u0101m\/ form is often used as a predicate or in titles, while \/-\u0101matte\/ is the attributive form used before a noun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          Cardinal<\/td>\nOrdinal (-\u0101matte)<\/td>\nEnglish Meaning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d (1)<\/td>\n\u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 (o\u1e49\u1e49\u0101matte)<\/td>\nFirst<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (2)<\/td>\n\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 (re\u1e47\u1e6d\u0101matte)<\/td>\nSecond<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d (3)<\/td>\n\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 (m\u016b\u1e49\u1e49\u0101matte)<\/td>\nThird<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d (4)<\/td>\n\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 (n\u0101l\u0101matte)<\/td>\nFourth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d (5)<\/td>\n\u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 (a\u00f1c\u0101matte)<\/td>\nFifth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          6.8 Measures of Distance and Time<\/h2>\n

                          Lesson Page 80 \/ Printed Page 126<\/b><\/p>\n

                          When expressing distance or time duration, the quantity precedes the unit. Measures like mail\u01d4<\/i> (mile) or pharl\u014d\u1e45\u1e45\u01d4<\/i> (furlong) are treated as nouns and often followed by the word d\u016bra\u1e43<\/i> (distance) to specify the extent of space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          Malayalam Phrase<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d48\u0d7d \u0d26\u0d42\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\nRe\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4 mail\u01d4 d\u016bra\u1e43<\/td>\nTwo miles distance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2b\u0d7c\u0d32\u0d4b\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d4d<\/td>\nM\u016b\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 pharl\u014d\u1e45\u1e45\u01d4<\/td>\nThree furlongs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d4d<\/td>\nAlpa\u1e43 ka\u1e3bi\u00f1\u00f1\u01d4<\/td>\nAfter a little while<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15<\/td>\nOru n\u0101\u1e3bika<\/td>\nA traditional measure of time (approx. 24 mins)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          ——————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

                          Exercise 1<\/h2>\n

                          Lesson Page 81 \/ Printed Page 127<\/b><\/p>\n

                          Change the following nouns into the genitive (possessive) form using the correct suffix (-u\u1e6de<\/b> or -inte<\/b>).<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b (R\u0101ma\u1e49)<\/li>\n
                          2. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e (Amma)<\/li>\n
                          3. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d (H\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6dal)<\/li>\n
                          4. \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d (V\u012b\u1e6d\u01d4)<\/li>\n
                          5. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b (S\u1e6f\u0113\u1e63a\u1e49)<\/li>\n
                          6. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e (Sk\u016b\u1e37)<\/li>\n
                          7. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d7b (Accha\u1e49)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Exercise 2<\/h2>\n

                            Lesson Page 81 \/ Printed Page 127<\/b><\/p>\n

                            Translate the following directional phrases into Malayalam using the nominative forms.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. North<\/li>\n
                            2. South<\/li>\n
                            3. East<\/li>\n
                            4. West<\/li>\n
                            5. Right side<\/li>\n
                            6. Left side<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Exercise 3<\/h2>\n

                              Lesson Page 82 \/ Printed Page 128<\/b><\/p>\n

                              Add the directional suffix -\u0113kk\u01d4<\/b> (or the variant -\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4<\/b>) to the following nouns to indicate “towards.”<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32 (Kavala)<\/li>\n
                              2. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e (Sk\u016b\u1e37)<\/li>\n
                              3. \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f (A\u1e45\u1e45\u0101\u1e6di)<\/li>\n
                              4. \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d (I\u1e6dat\u01d4)<\/li>\n
                              5. \u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d (Valat\u01d4)<\/li>\n
                              6. \u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d (Tekk\u01d4)<\/li>\n
                              7. \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d (V\u012b\u1e6d\u01d4)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                Exercise 4<\/h2>\n

                                Lesson Page 82 \/ Printed Page 128<\/b><\/p>\n

                                Answer the following questions based on the “A\u1e5fiy\u0101m\u014d” (Do you know?) pattern. Provide a full sentence answer in the affirmative or negative as indicated.<\/p>\n

                                Model:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (Yes) \u0d09\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d4d, \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d02. (Uvv\u01d4, e\u1e49ikk\u01d4 \u012b va\u1e3bi a\u1e5fiy\u0101\u1e43.)<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (No)<\/li>\n
                                2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (Yes)<\/li>\n
                                3. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (No)<\/li>\n
                                4. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (Yes)<\/li>\n
                                5. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4b? (Yes)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Exercise 5<\/h2>\n

                                  Lesson Page 83 \/ Printed Page 129<\/b><\/p>\n

                                  Convert the cardinal numbers to ordinal numbers using the -\u0101matte<\/b> suffix and use them with the noun \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f<\/b> (va\u1e3bi – path\/road).<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d (O\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4)<\/li>\n
                                  2. \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (Re\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4)<\/li>\n
                                  3. \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d (M\u016b\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4)<\/li>\n
                                  4. \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d (N\u0101l\u01d4)<\/li>\n
                                  5. \u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d (A\u00f1c\u01d4)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    Exercise 6<\/h2>\n

                                    Lesson Page 83 \/ Printed Page 129<\/b><\/p>\n

                                    Change the following verbs from the present tense to the polite imperative form ending in -uka<\/b>.<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (p\u014dkunnu – goes)<\/li>\n
                                    2. \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (varunnu – comes)<\/li>\n
                                    3. \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (tiriyunnu – turns)<\/li>\n
                                    4. \u0d07\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (irikkunnu – sits)<\/li>\n
                                    5. \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (k\u0101\u1e47unnu – sees)<\/li>\n
                                    6. \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (pa\u1e5fayunnu – says)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      Exercise 7<\/h2>\n

                                      Lesson Page 84 \/ Printed Page 130<\/b><\/p>\n

                                      Translate the following sentences into English.<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      1. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                      2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15.<\/li>\n
                                      3. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                      4. \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                      5. \u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d\u0d35\u0d47 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        Exercise 8<\/h2>\n

                                        Lesson Page 84 \/ Printed Page 130<\/b><\/p>\n

                                        Fill in the blanks with the correct postposition based on the context provided in the reading practices (munpil<\/b>, pinnil<\/b>, a\u1e6dutt\u01d4<\/b>).<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 ________ \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                        2. \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 ________ \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                        3. \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d ________ \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                        4. \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 ________ \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          Exercise 9<\/h2>\n

                                          Lesson Page 85 \/ Printed Page 131<\/b><\/p>\n

                                          Write a short paragraph in Malayalam giving directions. Imagine a traveler at the junction (kavala) asking for your house. Use at least three directional terms (north, south, left, etc.), two ordinal numbers (first, second), and two postpositions (near, in front of).<\/p>\n

                                          Model \/ Example:<\/b> \u0d15\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15. \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d2e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d2e\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d. (Kavalayil ni\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 n\u0113r\u0113 p\u014dkuka. Re\u1e47\u1e6d\u0101matte va\u1e3biyil ni\u1e49\u1e49\u01d4 i\u1e6datt\u014d\u1e6d\u1e6d\u01d4 tiriya\u1e49a\u1e43. Avi\u1e6de oru valiya mara\u1e43 k\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43. Maratti\u1e49te a\u1e6dutt\u0101\u1e47\u01d4 e\u1e49\u1e6fe v\u012b\u1e6d\u01d4.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-34","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":130,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34\/revisions\/130"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=34"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=34"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=34"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}