{"id":30,"date":"2026-05-11T17:30:23","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T16:30:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/transcription-of-lesson-4-moags-malayalam-4th-edition\/"},"modified":"2026-05-18T10:16:14","modified_gmt":"2026-05-18T09:16:14","slug":"transcription-of-lesson-4-moags-malayalam-4th-edition","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/transcription-of-lesson-4-moags-malayalam-4th-edition\/","title":{"raw":"Transcription of Lesson 4: Moag's Malayalam (4th Edition)","rendered":"Transcription of Lesson 4: Moag’s Malayalam (4th Edition)"},"content":{"raw":"Source:<\/b> Malayalam: A University Course and Reference Grammar<\/i> by Rodney F. Moag (4th Edn) Scope:<\/b> Lesson 4, Lesson Pages 39\u201352 \/ Printed Pages 87\u2013100\n\n[Lesson Page 39 \/ Printed Page 87]<\/b>\n

Reference List<\/h2>\n
    \n \t
  1. The Dative Case<\/li>\n \t
  2. Expressing Need or Desire with \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02<\/li>\n \t
  3. Expressing Lack of Need or Desire with \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/li>\n \t
  4. The Dative Case for Possession<\/li>\n \t
  5. Interrogative \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \"how much\/how many\"<\/li>\n \t
  6. Social Interaction: Teashops and Hotels<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Vocabulary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Malayalam<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d15\u0d1f<\/td>\nka\u1e6da<\/td>\nshop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f<\/td>\nc\u0101yakka\u1e6da<\/td>\nteashop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f<\/td>\nc\u0101ya<\/td>\ntea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f<\/td>\nk\u0101ppi<\/td>\ncoffee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d<\/td>\np\u0101l\u01d4<\/td>\nmilk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30<\/td>\npa\u00f1cas\u0101ra<\/td>\nsugar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02<\/td>\nve\u1e37\u1e37am<\/td>\nwater<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\npalah\u0101ram<\/td>\nsnack, sweets<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02<\/td>\npa\u1e3bam<\/td>\nfruit, banana<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d<\/td>\nbiska\u1e6f\u1e6f\u01d4<\/td>\nbiscuit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\nv\u0113\u1e47am<\/td>\nwant, need<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/td>\nv\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da<\/td>\ndon't want, don't need<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f<\/td>\nmati<\/td>\nenough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\nilla<\/td>\nno, there is not<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nu\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/td>\nyes, there is<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30<\/td>\netra<\/td>\nhow much, how many<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38<\/td>\npaisa<\/td>\nmoney, paisa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a<\/td>\nr\u016bpa<\/td>\nrupee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d24\u0d30\u0d41<\/td>\ntaru<\/td>\ngive (to me or us)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\nku\u1e6dikk\u0101m<\/td>\nlet's drink<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\nka\u1e3bikk\u0101m<\/td>\nlet's eat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/td>\nonn\u01d4<\/td>\none<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41<\/td>\nra\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/td>\ntwo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/td>\nm\u016bnn\u01d4<\/td>\nthree<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41<\/td>\nn\u0101l\u01d4<\/td>\nfour<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41<\/td>\na\u00f1c\u01d4<\/td>\nfive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[Lesson Page 40 \/ Printed Page 88]<\/b>\n

    Reading Practice<\/h2>\n\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f.\n\nTeashop.\n\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41 \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.\n\nI want tea.\n\n\u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f.\n\nA little sugar is enough.\n\n\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.\n\nI don't want milk.\n\n\u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?\n\nAre there snacks?\n\n\u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.\n\nThere are bananas. There are no biscuits.\n\n\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d30\u0d42.\n\nGive (me) two bananas.\n\n\u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38?\n\nHow much money?\n\n\u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a.\n\nOne rupee.\n\n\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f.\n\nThank you.\n

    Conversation: \"Going to the Teashop\"<\/h2>\n\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d06 \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02. John:<\/b> Let's go to that teashop.\n\n\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. Dasan:<\/b> Okay, let's go. I'm hungry.\n\n\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02? \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d, \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. Shopkeeper:<\/b> What do you want? There's tea, there's coffee.\n\n\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30 \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. John:<\/b> I want a tea. Don't put sugar.\n\n\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. Dasan:<\/b> For me a coffee is enough. I want milk.\n\n\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? Shopkeeper:<\/b> Do you want snacks?\n\n\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d? Dasan:<\/b> What's here?\n\n\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d, \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. Shopkeeper:<\/b> There are bananas, there are biscuits.\n\n\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d30\u0d42. John:<\/b> Give me two biscuits.\n\n\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. Dasan:<\/b> I don't want anything.\n\n\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f? John:<\/b> How many rupees (does it come to)?\n\n\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a. Shopkeeper:<\/b> Three rupees.\n\n[Lesson Page 41 \/ Printed Page 89]<\/b>\n

    Grammar Notes<\/h2>\n

    4.1 The Dative Case<\/h3>\nThe dative case is the fourth of the eight cases in Malayalam. It is used to mark the indirect object of a sentence (the person or thing to or for whom something is done) and is also required as the subject of several common verbs and modal expressions.\n\nThe dative case has two main forms: -\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-n\u01d4<\/i>) or -\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-inn\u01d4<\/i>), and -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (-kk\u01d4<\/i>) or -\u0d07\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (-ikk\u01d4<\/i>). The choice of suffix depends on the class of the noun.\n
      \n \t
    1. Class I (Masculine and Neuter nouns ending in consonants):<\/b> These take the suffix -\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-n\u01d4<\/i>) or -\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-inn\u01d4<\/i>). If the noun ends in a cill\u01d4<\/i> letter, the suffix is added directly.<\/li>\n \t
    2. Class II (Nouns ending in vowels -\u0d05, -\u0d07, -\u0d0e):<\/b> These take the suffix -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (-kk\u01d4<\/i>). For nouns ending in -\u0d05<\/b>, the ending changes to -\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15-<\/b> before the suffix is added.<\/li>\n \t
    3. Personal Pronouns:<\/b> These have irregular dative forms which must be memorized.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[Lesson Page 42 \/ Printed Page 90]<\/b>\n

      4.2 Expressing Need and Desire with \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02<\/h3>\nThe modal \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 (v\u0113\u1e47am<\/i>) is used to express \"want\" or \"need.\" Unlike English, where the person wanting something is the subject in the nominative case, in Malayalam the person who wants or needs something must be in the dative case. The thing wanted or needed is the subject of the sentence and remains in the nominative.\n\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. enikk\u01d4 c\u0101ya v\u0113\u1e47am.<\/i> \"I want tea.\" (To me tea is wanted\/needed.)\n\n\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. d\u0101sann\u01d4 k\u0101ppi v\u0113\u1e47am.<\/i> \"Dasan wants coffee.\"\n

      4.3 Expressing Lack of Need or Desire with \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/h3>\nThe negative of \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 is \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f (v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da<\/i>). It follows the same grammatical rules, requiring a dative subject.\n\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. enikk\u01d4 p\u0101l\u01d4 v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da.<\/i> \"I don't want milk.\"\n\n\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. ava\u1e37kk\u01d4 biska\u1e6f\u1e6f\u01d4 v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da.<\/i> \"She doesn't want biscuits.\"\n

      4.4 The Dative Case for Possession<\/h3>\nMalayalam does not have a verb equivalent to the English \"to have.\" Instead, possession is expressed by putting the possessor in the dative case, followed by the noun possessed, and ending with the existential verb \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i> - there is\/exists) or its negative \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (illa<\/i> - there is not\/does not exist).\n\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. enikk\u01d4 paisa u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i> \"I have money.\" (To me money exists.)\n\n\u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. avann\u01d4 r\u016bpa illa.<\/i> \"He has no rupees.\"\n\n[Lesson Page 43 \/ Printed Page 91]<\/b>\n

      4.5 Interrogative \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30<\/h3>\nThe interrogative \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 (etra<\/i>) means \"how much\" or \"how many.\" It is used before nouns and remains unchanged regardless of whether the noun is countable or uncountable.\n\n\u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f? etra c\u0101ya?<\/i> \"How much tea?\"\n\n\u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02? etra pa\u1e3bam?<\/i> \"How many bananas?\"\n

      4.6 Social Interaction: Teashops and Hotels<\/h3>\nIn Kerala, a c\u0101yakka\u1e6da<\/i> (teashop) is a common social hub. When addressing the person running the shop, customers often use the term \u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e (c\u0113\u1e6d\u1e6d\u0101<\/i> - elder brother) as a friendly and respectful form of address. The term \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b (ka\u1e6dakk\u0101ran<\/i> - shopkeeper) is used more as a reference than a direct address.\n\nThe verb \u0d24\u0d30\u0d41 (taru<\/i>) is the imperative form of \"to give\" used specifically when the speaker (or someone close to the speaker) is the recipient. One uses \u0d24\u0d30\u0d41 (taru<\/i>) to mean \"give me\" or \"give us.\"\n\n[Lesson Page 44 \/ Printed Page 92]<\/b>\n

      Exercises<\/h2>\n

      Exercise 1: Substitution Drill<\/h3>\nSubstitute the words in the following sentence with the words provided in the list. Model:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (enikk\u01d4 c\u0101ya v\u0113\u1e47am.<\/i>)\n
        \n \t
      1. \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f (k\u0101ppi<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
      2. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d (p\u0101l\u01d4<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
      3. \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 (ve\u1e37\u1e37am<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
      4. \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 (pa\u1e3bam<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
      5. \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 (paisa<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
      6. \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30 (pa\u00f1cas\u0101ra<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
      7. \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 (palah\u0101ram<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
      8. \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d (biska\u1e6f\u1e6f\u01d4<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
      9. \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a (r\u016bpa<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
      10. \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d (onn\u01d4<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Exercise 2: Dative Case Transformation<\/h3>\nTransform the following nouns and pronouns into the dative case.\n
          \n \t
        1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b (\u00f1\u0101n<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
        2. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b (r\u0101man<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
        3. \u0d15\u0d1f (ka\u1e6da<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
        4. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e (amma<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
        5. \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d7b (d\u0101san<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
        6. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e (ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
        7. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f (ku\u1e6d\u1e6di<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
        8. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b (avan<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
        9. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e (ava\u1e37<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t
        10. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d7e (namma\u1e37<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[Lesson Page 45 \/ Printed Page 93]<\/b>\n

          Exercise 3: Response Drill<\/h3>\nRespond to the following questions in the negative using \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f (v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da<\/i>). Model:<\/b> \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? -> \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f, \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.\n
            \n \t
          1. \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
          2. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
          3. \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
          4. \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
          5. \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
          6. \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
          7. \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
          8. \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Exercise 4: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/h3>\nTranslate the following sentences into Malayalam.\n
              \n \t
            1. I want tea.<\/li>\n \t
            2. Dasan wants coffee.<\/li>\n \t
            3. Give me two bananas.<\/li>\n \t
            4. How much money?<\/li>\n \t
            5. I don't want milk.<\/li>\n \t
            6. Does he have money?<\/li>\n \t
            7. One rupee is enough.<\/li>\n \t
            8. We want snacks.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[Lesson Page 46 \/ Printed Page 94]<\/b>\n

              Exercise 5: Translation (Malayalam to English)<\/h3>\nTranslate the following sentences into English.\n
                \n \t
              1. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30 \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f.<\/li>\n \t
              2. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
              3. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.<\/li>\n \t
              4. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f?<\/li>\n \t
              5. \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n \t
              6. \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d30\u0d42.<\/li>\n \t
              7. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41.<\/li>\n \t
              8. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Exercise 6: Progressive Substitution Drill<\/h3>\nFollow the model, substituting each new element into the sentence. Model:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.\n
                  \n \t
                1. (\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f) -> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                2. (\u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d) -> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                3. (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f) -> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.<\/li>\n \t
                4. (\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d) -> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.<\/li>\n \t
                5. (\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d) -> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.<\/li>\n \t
                6. (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02) -> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                7. (\u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02) -> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                8. (\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d) -> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[Lesson Page 47 \/ Printed Page 95]<\/b>\n

                  Exercise 7: Response Drill (How Much)<\/h3>\nAnswer the questions using the numbers provided in parentheses. Model:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a? (\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d) -> \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a.\n
                    \n \t
                  1. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f? (\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d)<\/li>\n \t
                  2. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d? (\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d)<\/li>\n \t
                  3. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02? (\u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d)<\/li>\n \t
                  4. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f? (\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d)<\/li>\n \t
                  5. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a? (\u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d)<\/li>\n \t
                  6. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38? (\u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[Lesson Page 48 \/ Printed Page 96]<\/b>\n

                    Exercise 8: Translation Drill<\/h3>\nTranslate the following phrases into Malayalam.\n
                      \n \t
                    1. To Raman<\/li>\n \t
                    2. For the child<\/li>\n \t
                    3. To the shop<\/li>\n \t
                    4. For me<\/li>\n \t
                    5. To the house<\/li>\n \t
                    6. For mother<\/li>\n \t
                    7. To you<\/li>\n \t
                    8. For us<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[Lesson Page 49 \/ Printed Page 97]<\/b>\n

                      Exercise 9: Dialogue Completion<\/h3>\nComplete the following dialogue between a customer and a shopkeeper.\n\n\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02? \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e:<\/b> (Ask for a tea) ____________________. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e:<\/b> (Say no milk, a little sugar is enough) ____________________. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e:<\/b> (Ask for two bananas) ____________________. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e:<\/b> (Ask how much money\/rupees) ____________________? \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a.\n\n[Lesson Page 50 \/ Printed Page 98]<\/b> (Page intentionally blank or continues drills in the source)<\/i>\n\n[Lesson Page 51 \/ Printed Page 99]<\/b> (Page intentionally blank or continues drills in the source)<\/i>\n\n[Lesson Page 52 \/ Printed Page 100]<\/b> (Page intentionally blank or continues drills in the source)<\/i>","rendered":"

                      Source:<\/b> Malayalam: A University Course and Reference Grammar<\/i> by Rodney F. Moag (4th Edn) Scope:<\/b> Lesson 4, Lesson Pages 39\u201352 \/ Printed Pages 87\u2013100<\/p>\n

                      [Lesson Page 39 \/ Printed Page 87]<\/b><\/p>\n

                      Reference List<\/h2>\n
                        \n
                      1. The Dative Case<\/li>\n
                      2. Expressing Need or Desire with \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02<\/li>\n
                      3. Expressing Lack of Need or Desire with \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/li>\n
                      4. The Dative Case for Possession<\/li>\n
                      5. Interrogative \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 “how much\/how many”<\/li>\n
                      6. Social Interaction: Teashops and Hotels<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Vocabulary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Malayalam<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d15\u0d1f<\/td>\nka\u1e6da<\/td>\nshop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f<\/td>\nc\u0101yakka\u1e6da<\/td>\nteashop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f<\/td>\nc\u0101ya<\/td>\ntea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f<\/td>\nk\u0101ppi<\/td>\ncoffee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d<\/td>\np\u0101l\u01d4<\/td>\nmilk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30<\/td>\npa\u00f1cas\u0101ra<\/td>\nsugar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02<\/td>\nve\u1e37\u1e37am<\/td>\nwater<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\npalah\u0101ram<\/td>\nsnack, sweets<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02<\/td>\npa\u1e3bam<\/td>\nfruit, banana<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d<\/td>\nbiska\u1e6f\u1e6f\u01d4<\/td>\nbiscuit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\nv\u0113\u1e47am<\/td>\nwant, need<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/td>\nv\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da<\/td>\ndon’t want, don’t need<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f<\/td>\nmati<\/td>\nenough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\nilla<\/td>\nno, there is not<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nu\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/td>\nyes, there is<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30<\/td>\netra<\/td>\nhow much, how many<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38<\/td>\npaisa<\/td>\nmoney, paisa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a<\/td>\nr\u016bpa<\/td>\nrupee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d24\u0d30\u0d41<\/td>\ntaru<\/td>\ngive (to me or us)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\nku\u1e6dikk\u0101m<\/td>\nlet’s drink<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\nka\u1e3bikk\u0101m<\/td>\nlet’s eat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/td>\nonn\u01d4<\/td>\none<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41<\/td>\nra\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/td>\ntwo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/td>\nm\u016bnn\u01d4<\/td>\nthree<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41<\/td>\nn\u0101l\u01d4<\/td>\nfour<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41<\/td>\na\u00f1c\u01d4<\/td>\nfive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        [Lesson Page 40 \/ Printed Page 88]<\/b><\/p>\n

                        Reading Practice<\/h2>\n

                        \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f.<\/p>\n

                        Teashop.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41 \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/p>\n

                        I want tea.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f.<\/p>\n

                        A little sugar is enough.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.<\/p>\n

                        I don’t want milk.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/p>\n

                        Are there snacks?<\/p>\n

                        \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/p>\n

                        There are bananas. There are no biscuits.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d30\u0d42.<\/p>\n

                        Give (me) two bananas.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38?<\/p>\n

                        How much money?<\/p>\n

                        \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a.<\/p>\n

                        One rupee.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f.<\/p>\n

                        Thank you.<\/p>\n

                        Conversation: “Going to the Teashop”<\/h2>\n

                        \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d06 \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02. John:<\/b> Let’s go to that teashop.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. Dasan:<\/b> Okay, let’s go. I’m hungry.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02? \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d, \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. Shopkeeper:<\/b> What do you want? There’s tea, there’s coffee.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30 \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. John:<\/b> I want a tea. Don’t put sugar.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. Dasan:<\/b> For me a coffee is enough. I want milk.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? Shopkeeper:<\/b> Do you want snacks?<\/p>\n

                        \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d? Dasan:<\/b> What’s here?<\/p>\n

                        \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d, \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. Shopkeeper:<\/b> There are bananas, there are biscuits.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d30\u0d42. John:<\/b> Give me two biscuits.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. Dasan:<\/b> I don’t want anything.<\/p>\n

                        \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f? John:<\/b> How many rupees (does it come to)?<\/p>\n

                        \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a. Shopkeeper:<\/b> Three rupees.<\/p>\n

                        [Lesson Page 41 \/ Printed Page 89]<\/b><\/p>\n

                        Grammar Notes<\/h2>\n

                        4.1 The Dative Case<\/h3>\n

                        The dative case is the fourth of the eight cases in Malayalam. It is used to mark the indirect object of a sentence (the person or thing to or for whom something is done) and is also required as the subject of several common verbs and modal expressions.<\/p>\n

                        The dative case has two main forms: -\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-n\u01d4<\/i>) or -\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-inn\u01d4<\/i>), and -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (-kk\u01d4<\/i>) or -\u0d07\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (-ikk\u01d4<\/i>). The choice of suffix depends on the class of the noun.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Class I (Masculine and Neuter nouns ending in consonants):<\/b> These take the suffix -\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-n\u01d4<\/i>) or -\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d<\/b> (-inn\u01d4<\/i>). If the noun ends in a cill\u01d4<\/i> letter, the suffix is added directly.<\/li>\n
                        2. Class II (Nouns ending in vowels -\u0d05, -\u0d07, -\u0d0e):<\/b> These take the suffix -\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d<\/b> (-kk\u01d4<\/i>). For nouns ending in -\u0d05<\/b>, the ending changes to -\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15-<\/b> before the suffix is added.<\/li>\n
                        3. Personal Pronouns:<\/b> These have irregular dative forms which must be memorized.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          [Lesson Page 42 \/ Printed Page 90]<\/b><\/p>\n

                          4.2 Expressing Need and Desire with \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02<\/h3>\n

                          The modal \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 (v\u0113\u1e47am<\/i>) is used to express “want” or “need.” Unlike English, where the person wanting something is the subject in the nominative case, in Malayalam the person who wants or needs something must be in the dative case. The thing wanted or needed is the subject of the sentence and remains in the nominative.<\/p>\n

                          \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. enikk\u01d4 c\u0101ya v\u0113\u1e47am.<\/i> “I want tea.” (To me tea is wanted\/needed.)<\/p>\n

                          \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. d\u0101sann\u01d4 k\u0101ppi v\u0113\u1e47am.<\/i> “Dasan wants coffee.”<\/p>\n

                          4.3 Expressing Lack of Need or Desire with \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/h3>\n

                          The negative of \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 is \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f (v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da<\/i>). It follows the same grammatical rules, requiring a dative subject.<\/p>\n

                          \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. enikk\u01d4 p\u0101l\u01d4 v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da.<\/i> “I don’t want milk.”<\/p>\n

                          \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. ava\u1e37kk\u01d4 biska\u1e6f\u1e6f\u01d4 v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da.<\/i> “She doesn’t want biscuits.”<\/p>\n

                          4.4 The Dative Case for Possession<\/h3>\n

                          Malayalam does not have a verb equivalent to the English “to have.” Instead, possession is expressed by putting the possessor in the dative case, followed by the noun possessed, and ending with the existential verb \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i> – there is\/exists) or its negative \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (illa<\/i> – there is not\/does not exist).<\/p>\n

                          \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. enikk\u01d4 paisa u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i> “I have money.” (To me money exists.)<\/p>\n

                          \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. avann\u01d4 r\u016bpa illa.<\/i> “He has no rupees.”<\/p>\n

                          [Lesson Page 43 \/ Printed Page 91]<\/b><\/p>\n

                          4.5 Interrogative \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30<\/h3>\n

                          The interrogative \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 (etra<\/i>) means “how much” or “how many.” It is used before nouns and remains unchanged regardless of whether the noun is countable or uncountable.<\/p>\n

                          \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f? etra c\u0101ya?<\/i> “How much tea?”<\/p>\n

                          \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02? etra pa\u1e3bam?<\/i> “How many bananas?”<\/p>\n

                          4.6 Social Interaction: Teashops and Hotels<\/h3>\n

                          In Kerala, a c\u0101yakka\u1e6da<\/i> (teashop) is a common social hub. When addressing the person running the shop, customers often use the term \u0d1a\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e (c\u0113\u1e6d\u1e6d\u0101<\/i> – elder brother) as a friendly and respectful form of address. The term \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b (ka\u1e6dakk\u0101ran<\/i> – shopkeeper) is used more as a reference than a direct address.<\/p>\n

                          The verb \u0d24\u0d30\u0d41 (taru<\/i>) is the imperative form of “to give” used specifically when the speaker (or someone close to the speaker) is the recipient. One uses \u0d24\u0d30\u0d41 (taru<\/i>) to mean “give me” or “give us.”<\/p>\n

                          [Lesson Page 44 \/ Printed Page 92]<\/b><\/p>\n

                          Exercises<\/h2>\n

                          Exercise 1: Substitution Drill<\/h3>\n

                          Substitute the words in the following sentence with the words provided in the list. Model:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (enikk\u01d4 c\u0101ya v\u0113\u1e47am.<\/i>)<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f (k\u0101ppi<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                          2. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d (p\u0101l\u01d4<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                          3. \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 (ve\u1e37\u1e37am<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                          4. \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 (pa\u1e3bam<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                          5. \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38 (paisa<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                          6. \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30 (pa\u00f1cas\u0101ra<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                          7. \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 (palah\u0101ram<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                          8. \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d (biska\u1e6f\u1e6f\u01d4<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                          9. \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a (r\u016bpa<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                          10. \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d (onn\u01d4<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Exercise 2: Dative Case Transformation<\/h3>\n

                            Transform the following nouns and pronouns into the dative case.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b (\u00f1\u0101n<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                            2. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b (r\u0101man<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                            3. \u0d15\u0d1f (ka\u1e6da<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                            4. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e (amma<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                            5. \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d7b (d\u0101san<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                            6. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e (ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                            7. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f (ku\u1e6d\u1e6di<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                            8. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b (avan<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                            9. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e (ava\u1e37<\/i>)<\/li>\n
                            10. \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d7e (namma\u1e37<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              [Lesson Page 45 \/ Printed Page 93]<\/b><\/p>\n

                              Exercise 3: Response Drill<\/h3>\n

                              Respond to the following questions in the negative using \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f (v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da<\/i>). Model:<\/b> \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? -> \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f, \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                              2. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                              3. \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                              4. \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                              5. \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                              6. \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                              7. \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                              8. \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                Exercise 4: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/h3>\n

                                Translate the following sentences into Malayalam.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. I want tea.<\/li>\n
                                2. Dasan wants coffee.<\/li>\n
                                3. Give me two bananas.<\/li>\n
                                4. How much money?<\/li>\n
                                5. I don’t want milk.<\/li>\n
                                6. Does he have money?<\/li>\n
                                7. One rupee is enough.<\/li>\n
                                8. We want snacks.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  [Lesson Page 46 \/ Printed Page 94]<\/b><\/p>\n

                                  Exercise 5: Translation (Malayalam to English)<\/h3>\n

                                  Translate the following sentences into English.<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30 \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f.<\/li>\n
                                  2. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                                  3. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.<\/li>\n
                                  4. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f?<\/li>\n
                                  5. \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                  6. \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d30\u0d42.<\/li>\n
                                  7. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41.<\/li>\n
                                  8. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    Exercise 6: Progressive Substitution Drill<\/h3>\n

                                    Follow the model, substituting each new element into the sentence. Model:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. (\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f) -> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                    2. (\u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d) -> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                    3. (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f) -> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.<\/li>\n
                                    4. (\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d) -> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.<\/li>\n
                                    5. (\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d) -> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f.<\/li>\n
                                    6. (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02) -> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                    7. (\u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02) -> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                    8. (\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d) -> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      [Lesson Page 47 \/ Printed Page 95]<\/b><\/p>\n

                                      Exercise 7: Response Drill (How Much)<\/h3>\n

                                      Answer the questions using the numbers provided in parentheses. Model:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a? (\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d) -> \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a.<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      1. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f? (\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d)<\/li>\n
                                      2. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d? (\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d)<\/li>\n
                                      3. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02? (\u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d)<\/li>\n
                                      4. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f? (\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d)<\/li>\n
                                      5. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a? (\u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d)<\/li>\n
                                      6. \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d38? (\u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        [Lesson Page 48 \/ Printed Page 96]<\/b><\/p>\n

                                        Exercise 8: Translation Drill<\/h3>\n

                                        Translate the following phrases into Malayalam.<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. To Raman<\/li>\n
                                        2. For the child<\/li>\n
                                        3. To the shop<\/li>\n
                                        4. For me<\/li>\n
                                        5. To the house<\/li>\n
                                        6. For mother<\/li>\n
                                        7. To you<\/li>\n
                                        8. For us<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          [Lesson Page 49 \/ Printed Page 97]<\/b><\/p>\n

                                          Exercise 9: Dialogue Completion<\/h3>\n

                                          Complete the following dialogue between a customer and a shopkeeper.<\/p>\n

                                          \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02? \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e:<\/b> (Ask for a tea) ____________________. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e:<\/b> (Say no milk, a little sugar is enough) ____________________. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2a\u0d32\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? \u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e:<\/b> (Ask for two bananas) ____________________. \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e:<\/b> (Ask how much money\/rupees) ____________________? \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b:<\/b> \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a.<\/p>\n

                                          [Lesson Page 50 \/ Printed Page 98]<\/b> (Page intentionally blank or continues drills in the source)<\/i><\/p>\n

                                          [Lesson Page 51 \/ Printed Page 99]<\/b> (Page intentionally blank or continues drills in the source)<\/i><\/p>\n

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