{"id":28,"date":"2026-05-11T17:17:31","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T16:17:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-three-is-james-here-lending-and-borrowing\/"},"modified":"2026-05-18T10:16:14","modified_gmt":"2026-05-18T09:16:14","slug":"lesson-three-is-james-here-lending-and-borrowing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/lesson-three-is-james-here-lending-and-borrowing\/","title":{"raw":"Lesson Three - Is James Here? (Lending and Borrowing)","rendered":"Lesson Three – Is James Here? (Lending and Borrowing)"},"content":{"raw":"

Full Transcription: Lesson Three - Is James Here? (Lending and Borrowing)<\/h1>\n--- Lesson Page 26 (Printed Page 72) ---\n

1. Lesson Identification and Reference List<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Malayalam<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nun\u1e6d\u01d4<\/td>\nis, are, have, has (affirmative)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\nilla<\/td>\nis not, are not, have not, has not (negative)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\nivi\u1e6de<\/td>\nhere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\navi\u1e6de<\/td>\nthere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\nevi\u1e6de<\/td>\nwhere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/td>\nun\u1e6d\u014d?<\/td>\nis\/are\/have\/has...? (interrogative)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?<\/td>\nill\u0113?<\/td>\nisn't\/aren't\/haven't\/hasn't...? (interrogative)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d07\u0d24\u0d3e<\/td>\nit\u0101<\/td>\nhere it is \/ here you are<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d05\u0d24\u0d3e<\/td>\nat\u0101<\/td>\nthere it is \/ there you are<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28<\/td>\np\u0113na<\/td>\npen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\npen_sil<\/td>\npencil<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/td>\npustaka\u1e43<\/td>\nbook<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\npa\u1e47a\u1e43<\/td>\nmoney<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d4d<\/td>\nk\u0101\u015b\u01d4<\/td>\ncash, small change<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n--- Lesson Page 27 (Printed Page 73) ---\n

2. Vocabulary and Word Study<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Malayalam<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nGrammatical Label<\/td>\nEnglish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d12\u0d30\u0d41<\/td>\noru<\/td>\nadj.<\/td>\na, one<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d<\/td>\nkura\u010d\u010d\u01d4<\/td>\nadj.<\/td>\na little, some<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/td>\nentin\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/td>\ninterrog.<\/td>\nfor what? \/ what for?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\nv\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43<\/td>\nv.<\/td>\nwant, need<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/td>\nv\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da<\/td>\nv.<\/td>\ndo not want, do not need<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\ntar\u0101\u1e43<\/td>\nv.t.<\/td>\nwill give<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d24\u0d30\u0d42<\/td>\ntar\u016b<\/td>\nv.t.<\/td>\nplease give (to me)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42<\/td>\ne\u1e6dukk\u016b<\/td>\nv.t.<\/td>\nplease take<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d42<\/td>\ne\u1e6dutt\u014d\u1e37\u016b<\/td>\nv.t.<\/td>\nplease take (permissive)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/td>\nv\u0113\u1e47\u014d?<\/td>\nv. interrog.<\/td>\ndo (you) want?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/td>\ni\u1e63\u1e6dam\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/td>\nv.<\/td>\nlike<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\ni\u1e63\u1e6damalla<\/td>\nv.<\/td>\ndo not like<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\nkayyil<\/td>\nn. loc.<\/td>\nin hand \/ with (someone)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f<\/td>\n\u015bari<\/td>\nadj.<\/td>\nokay, correct<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d<\/td>\nm\u0101\u1e63<\/td>\nn.<\/td>\nteacher (male)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c<\/td>\ns\u0101r<\/td>\nn.<\/td>\nsir \/ teacher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f<\/td>\nku\u1e6da<\/td>\nn.<\/td>\numbrella<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d31\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d2c\u0d7c<\/td>\nrabbar<\/td>\nn.<\/td>\neraser<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d<\/td>\nka\u1e6dal\u0101s<\/td>\nn.<\/td>\npaper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n--- Lesson Page 28 (Printed Page 74) ---\n

3. Reading Practice<\/h2>\n\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.\n\nEnglish Translation:<\/b> Raman is here. James is there. Mother is in the house. Father is in the shop. The pen is on the table. The book is in the bag. I want a pen. Do you want money? I don't want money. I want an umbrella.\n\n--- Lesson Page 29 (Printed Page 75) ---\n

4. Conversation: \"Is James Here? (Lending and Borrowing)\"<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Character<\/td>\nMalayalam<\/td>\nEnglish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/td>\nIs James here?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d09\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d4d, \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d35\u0d30\u0d42.<\/td>\nYes, I am here. Come in.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/td>\nJames, do you have a pen with you?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/td>\nYes. I have a pen. What for?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/td>\nI need a pen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d07\u0d24\u0d3e, \u0d08 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d42.<\/td>\nHere, take this pen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d07\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?<\/td>\nDoesn't this have ink?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/td>\nIt doesn't have ink. Do you want some ink?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d30\u0d42.<\/td>\nYes. Please give some ink.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3e \u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f.<\/td>\nOkay, here is the ink.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f.<\/td>\nThanks.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/td>\nRaman, do you have a pencil with you?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/td>\nNo. I don't have a pencil with me.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/td>\nNo matter.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n--- Lesson Page 30 (Printed Page 76) ---\n

5. Grammar Notes<\/h2>\n

3.1 The Dative Case<\/h2>\nThe dative suffix -\u01d4 is added to nouns ending in consonants. For nouns ending in vowels, the suffix is often -nu or -kk\u01d4. This case is used to mark the indirect object and is also central to several \"stative\" constructions in Malayalam where English would use a nominative subject. (See \u00a73.2, 3.3).\n
    \n \t
  • Examples:<\/b>\n
      \n \t
    • \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d (R\u0101ma\u1e49\u01d4) \u2014 to Raman<\/li>\n \t
    • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d (e\u1e49ikk\u01d4) \u2014 to me<\/li>\n \t
    • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d (ni\u1e49akk\u01d4) \u2014 to you<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      3.2 Dative of Possession\/Experience<\/h2>\nPossession in Malayalam is expressed through a stative construction. The possessor is placed in the dative case, and the object possessed is the subject of the verb \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (un\u1e6d\u01d4) \"to exist\/be\" or \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (illa) \"to not exist\/not be.\" This literally translates as \"To [someone] [something] exists.\"\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Malayalam<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/td>\ne\u1e49ikk\u01d4 oru p\u0113nayun\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/td>\nI have a pen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/td>\nR\u0101ma\u1e49\u01d4 pa\u1e47amu\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/td>\nRaman has money.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n--- Lesson Page 31 (Printed Page 77) ---\n

      3.3 The Verb 'to want' or 'to need' (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02)<\/h2>\nThe items wanted or needed are expressed using \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 (v\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43). Like possession, the person who wants or needs must be in the dative case. The negative form is \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f (v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da).\n
        \n \t
      • Examples:<\/b>\n
          \n \t
        • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (e\u1e49ikk\u01d4 ve\u1e37\u1e37a\u1e43 v\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43) \u2014 I want\/need water.<\/li>\n \t
        • \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (ku\u1e6d\u1e6dikk\u01d4 p\u0101l v\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43) \u2014 The child wants milk.<\/li>\n \t
        • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. (e\u1e49ikk\u01d4 at\u01d4 v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da) \u2014 I don't want that.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          3.4 The Locative Case with 'Hand' (\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d)<\/h2>\nWhen expressing that someone has an item physically on their person or in their immediate vicinity, the locative of \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d (kay) \"hand,\" which is \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d (kayyil), is used with the possessor in the genitive case.\n
            \n \t
          • Examples:<\/b>\n
              \n \t
            • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. (e\u1e49\u1e6fe kayyil pa\u1e47amilla) \u2014 I don't have money with me.<\/li>\n \t
            • \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (J\u0113ymi\u1e43si\u1e49\u1e6fe kayyil p\u0113nayun\u1e6d\u01d4) \u2014 James has a pen with him.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n--- Lesson Page 32 (Printed Page 78) ---\n

              3.5 Interrogative Suffix -\u0d13 (-\u0d13)<\/h2>\nYes\/no questions are formed by adding the suffix -\u0d13 (-\u014d) to the end of the word being questioned, usually the verb. This suffix often causes a final short vowel to lengthen or an enunciative -\u01d4 to be replaced.\n
                \n \t
              • Examples:<\/b>\n
                  \n \t
                • \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (un\u1e6d\u01d4) -> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? (un\u1e6d\u014d?) \u2014 Is there? \/ Have?<\/li>\n \t
                • \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (illa) -> \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47? (ill\u0113?) \u2014 Isn't there? \/ Haven't?<\/li>\n \t
                • \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 (v\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43) -> \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? (v\u0113\u1e47\u014d?) \u2014 Do (you) want?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  3.6 Expressing Likes and Dislikes<\/h2>\nLiking or disliking is also a stative experience in Malayalam. The person who likes is in the dative case, and the object is used with \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d (i\u1e63\u1e6dam\u0101\u1e47\u01d4) \"is a liking\" or \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (i\u1e63\u1e6damalla) \"is not a liking.\"\n
                    \n \t
                  • Examples:<\/b>\n
                      \n \t
                    • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. (e\u1e49ikk\u01d4 k\u0101ppi i\u1e63\u1e6dam\u0101\u1e47\u01d4) \u2014 I like coffee.<\/li>\n \t
                    • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. (e\u1e49ikk\u01d4 \u010d\u0101ya i\u1e63\u1e6damalla) \u2014 I do not like tea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n--- Lesson Page 33 (Printed Page 79) ---\n

                      6. Exercises<\/h2>\nExercise 1: Substitution Drill<\/b> Substitute the words in parentheses into the model sentence, making any necessary changes. Model:<\/i> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (pustaka\u1e43, pa\u1e47a\u1e43, ku\u1e6da, ka\u1e6dal\u0101s)\n
                        \n \t
                      1. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                      2. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                      3. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                      4. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nExercise 2: Substitution Drill<\/b> Model:<\/i> \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (J\u0113ymi\u1e43s, m\u0101\u1e63, amm\u0101, a\u010d\u010da\u1e49)\n
                          \n \t
                        1. \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n \t
                        2. \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n \t
                        3. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n \t
                        4. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--- Lesson Page 34 (Printed Page 80) ---\n\nExercise 3: Transformation Drill<\/b> Change the following affirmative sentences to negative ones. Model:<\/i> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. -> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.\n
                            \n \t
                          1. \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n \t
                          2. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                          3. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n \t
                          4. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nExercise 4: Transformation Drill<\/b> Change the following statements into questions using the suffix -\u0d13. Model:<\/i> \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. -> \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?\n
                              \n \t
                            1. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t
                            2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n \t
                            3. \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\n \t
                            4. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--- Lesson Page 35 (Printed Page 81) ---\n\nExercise 5: Response Drill<\/b> Answer the following questions in the negative. Model:<\/i> \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? -> \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.\n
                                \n \t
                              1. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
                              2. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
                              3. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
                              4. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nExercise 6: Response Drill<\/b> Answer the following questions in the affirmative. Model:<\/i> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02? (p\u0113na) -> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.\n
                                  \n \t
                                1. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d? (pustaka\u1e43)<\/li>\n \t
                                2. \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (k\u0101ppi)<\/li>\n \t
                                3. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02? (pa\u1e47a\u1e43)<\/li>\n \t
                                4. \u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d? (rabbar)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--- Lesson Page 36 (Printed Page 82) ---\n\nExercise 7: Expansion Drill<\/b> Add the word in parentheses to the sentence. Model:<\/i> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (oru) -> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.\n
                                    \n \t
                                  1. \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (kura\u010d\u010d\u01d4)<\/li>\n \t
                                  2. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (ivi\u1e6de)<\/li>\n \t
                                  3. \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. (kura\u010d\u010d\u01d4)<\/li>\n \t
                                  4. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (avi\u1e6de)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nExercise 8: Transformation Practice<\/b> Change the affirmative questions to negative questions. Model:<\/i> \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? -> \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?\n
                                      \n \t
                                    1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
                                    2. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
                                    3. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t
                                    4. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--- Lesson Page 37 (Printed Page 83) ---\n\nExercise 9: Translation Practice<\/b> Translate the following sentences into Malayalam.\n
                                        \n \t
                                      1. I have a pen.<\/li>\n \t
                                      2. Raman does not want money.<\/li>\n \t
                                      3. Do you have a pencil with you?<\/li>\n \t
                                      4. I like coffee, but I don't like tea.<\/li>\n \t
                                      5. Here is the book; take it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n--- Lesson Page 38 (Printed Page 84) ---\n

                                        7. Supplementary Lesson Material and Footnotes<\/h2>\n

                                        Cultural Note: Forms of Address<\/h3>\nIn Kerala, social hierarchy and respect are reflected in forms of address. A teacher is rarely addressed by name. Students use the term 'S\u0101r' or 'M\u0101\u1e63\u01d4' for male teachers, and 'Teacher' for female teachers. Using the name alone is considered highly disrespectful.\n\n--- Lesson Page 39 (Printed Page 85) ---\n

                                        Note on Vocabulary: 'Pa\u1e47a\u1e43' and 'K\u0101\u015b\u01d4'<\/h3>\nWhile 'pa\u1e47a\u1e43' is the general word for money, 'k\u0101\u015b\u01d4' is often used in the sense of 'small change' or 'coins' in some contexts, and as 'money' in others. In the northern regions, 'k\u0101\u015b\u01d4' is the more common colloquial term for money in general.\n\n--- Lesson Page 40 (Printed Page 86) ---\n

                                        Footnotes<\/h3>\n
                                          \n \t
                                        1. Verb Suffixes:<\/b> Note that in the interrogative, the suffix -\u0d13 (-\u014d) causes the final vowel of 'un\u1e6d\u01d4' to be replaced by '\u014d', resulting in 'un\u1e6d\u014d'.<\/li>\n \t
                                        2. Permissive Forms:<\/b> The verb 'e\u1e6dutt\u014d\u1e37\u016b' (\u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d42) is the permissive form of 'e\u1e6dukk\u016b' (\u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42). It is used to give permission rather than a command, thus making it more polite. (See Reference Grammar \u00a78.4).<\/li>\n \t
                                        3. Dative Usage:<\/b> It is essential to remember that the subject of verbs like 'v\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43' and 'i\u1e63\u1e6da\u1e43' must always be in the dative case. Failure to do so is a common error for English speakers. (See Reference Grammar \u00a73.1).<\/li>\n<\/ol>","rendered":"

                                          Full Transcription: Lesson Three – Is James Here? (Lending and Borrowing)<\/h1>\n

                                          — Lesson Page 26 (Printed Page 72) —<\/p>\n

                                          1. Lesson Identification and Reference List<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                          Malayalam<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\nun\u1e6d\u01d4<\/td>\nis, are, have, has (affirmative)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\nilla<\/td>\nis not, are not, have not, has not (negative)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\nivi\u1e6de<\/td>\nhere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\navi\u1e6de<\/td>\nthere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d0e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\nevi\u1e6de<\/td>\nwhere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/td>\nun\u1e6d\u014d?<\/td>\nis\/are\/have\/has…? (interrogative)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?<\/td>\nill\u0113?<\/td>\nisn’t\/aren’t\/haven’t\/hasn’t…? (interrogative)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3e<\/td>\nit\u0101<\/td>\nhere it is \/ here you are<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3e<\/td>\nat\u0101<\/td>\nthere it is \/ there you are<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28<\/td>\np\u0113na<\/td>\npen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\npen_sil<\/td>\npencil<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/td>\npustaka\u1e43<\/td>\nbook<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\npa\u1e47a\u1e43<\/td>\nmoney<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d4d<\/td>\nk\u0101\u015b\u01d4<\/td>\ncash, small change<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                          — Lesson Page 27 (Printed Page 73) —<\/p>\n

                                          2. Vocabulary and Word Study<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                          Malayalam<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nGrammatical Label<\/td>\nEnglish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41<\/td>\noru<\/td>\nadj.<\/td>\na, one<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d<\/td>\nkura\u010d\u010d\u01d4<\/td>\nadj.<\/td>\na little, some<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/td>\nentin\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/td>\ninterrog.<\/td>\nfor what? \/ what for?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02<\/td>\nv\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43<\/td>\nv.<\/td>\nwant, need<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/td>\nv\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da<\/td>\nv.<\/td>\ndo not want, do not need<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d24\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\ntar\u0101\u1e43<\/td>\nv.t.<\/td>\nwill give<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d24\u0d30\u0d42<\/td>\ntar\u016b<\/td>\nv.t.<\/td>\nplease give (to me)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42<\/td>\ne\u1e6dukk\u016b<\/td>\nv.t.<\/td>\nplease take<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d42<\/td>\ne\u1e6dutt\u014d\u1e37\u016b<\/td>\nv.t.<\/td>\nplease take (permissive)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/td>\nv\u0113\u1e47\u014d?<\/td>\nv. interrog.<\/td>\ndo (you) want?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/td>\ni\u1e63\u1e6dam\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/td>\nv.<\/td>\nlike<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\ni\u1e63\u1e6damalla<\/td>\nv.<\/td>\ndo not like<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/td>\nkayyil<\/td>\nn. loc.<\/td>\nin hand \/ with (someone)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f<\/td>\n\u015bari<\/td>\nadj.<\/td>\nokay, correct<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d<\/td>\nm\u0101\u1e63<\/td>\nn.<\/td>\nteacher (male)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c<\/td>\ns\u0101r<\/td>\nn.<\/td>\nsir \/ teacher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f<\/td>\nku\u1e6da<\/td>\nn.<\/td>\numbrella<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d31\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d2c\u0d7c<\/td>\nrabbar<\/td>\nn.<\/td>\neraser<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d<\/td>\nka\u1e6dal\u0101s<\/td>\nn.<\/td>\npaper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                          — Lesson Page 28 (Printed Page 74) —<\/p>\n

                                          3. Reading Practice<\/h2>\n

                                          \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/p>\n

                                          English Translation:<\/b> Raman is here. James is there. Mother is in the house. Father is in the shop. The pen is on the table. The book is in the bag. I want a pen. Do you want money? I don’t want money. I want an umbrella.<\/p>\n

                                          — Lesson Page 29 (Printed Page 75) —<\/p>\n

                                          4. Conversation: “Is James Here? (Lending and Borrowing)”<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                          Character<\/td>\nMalayalam<\/td>\nEnglish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/td>\nIs James here?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d09\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d4d, \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d35\u0d30\u0d42.<\/td>\nYes, I am here. Come in.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/td>\nJames, do you have a pen with you?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/td>\nYes. I have a pen. What for?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/td>\nI need a pen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d07\u0d24\u0d3e, \u0d08 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d42.<\/td>\nHere, take this pen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d07\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?<\/td>\nDoesn’t this have ink?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/td>\nIt doesn’t have ink. Do you want some ink?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d30\u0d42.<\/td>\nYes. Please give some ink.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3e \u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f.<\/td>\nOkay, here is the ink.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f.<\/td>\nThanks.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/td>\nRaman, do you have a pencil with you?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Raman:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/td>\nNo. I don’t have a pencil with me.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          James:<\/b><\/td>\n\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/td>\nNo matter.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                          — Lesson Page 30 (Printed Page 76) —<\/p>\n

                                          5. Grammar Notes<\/h2>\n

                                          3.1 The Dative Case<\/h2>\n

                                          The dative suffix -\u01d4 is added to nouns ending in consonants. For nouns ending in vowels, the suffix is often -nu or -kk\u01d4. This case is used to mark the indirect object and is also central to several “stative” constructions in Malayalam where English would use a nominative subject. (See \u00a73.2, 3.3).<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • Examples:<\/b>\n
                                              \n
                                            • \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d (R\u0101ma\u1e49\u01d4) \u2014 to Raman<\/li>\n
                                            • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d (e\u1e49ikk\u01d4) \u2014 to me<\/li>\n
                                            • \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d (ni\u1e49akk\u01d4) \u2014 to you<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              3.2 Dative of Possession\/Experience<\/h2>\n

                                              Possession in Malayalam is expressed through a stative construction. The possessor is placed in the dative case, and the object possessed is the subject of the verb \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (un\u1e6d\u01d4) “to exist\/be” or \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (illa) “to not exist\/not be.” This literally translates as “To [someone] [something] exists.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                              Malayalam<\/td>\nTransliteration<\/td>\nEnglish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/td>\ne\u1e49ikk\u01d4 oru p\u0113nayun\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/td>\nI have a pen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/td>\nR\u0101ma\u1e49\u01d4 pa\u1e47amu\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/td>\nRaman has money.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                              — Lesson Page 31 (Printed Page 77) —<\/p>\n

                                              3.3 The Verb ‘to want’ or ‘to need’ (\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02)<\/h2>\n

                                              The items wanted or needed are expressed using \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 (v\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43). Like possession, the person who wants or needs must be in the dative case. The negative form is \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f (v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da).<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • Examples:<\/b>\n
                                                  \n
                                                • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (e\u1e49ikk\u01d4 ve\u1e37\u1e37a\u1e43 v\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43) \u2014 I want\/need water.<\/li>\n
                                                • \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (ku\u1e6d\u1e6dikk\u01d4 p\u0101l v\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43) \u2014 The child wants milk.<\/li>\n
                                                • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. (e\u1e49ikk\u01d4 at\u01d4 v\u0113\u1e47\u1e6da) \u2014 I don’t want that.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  3.4 The Locative Case with ‘Hand’ (\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d)<\/h2>\n

                                                  When expressing that someone has an item physically on their person or in their immediate vicinity, the locative of \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d (kay) “hand,” which is \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d (kayyil), is used with the possessor in the genitive case.<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • Examples:<\/b>\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. (e\u1e49\u1e6fe kayyil pa\u1e47amilla) \u2014 I don’t have money with me.<\/li>\n
                                                    • \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (J\u0113ymi\u1e43si\u1e49\u1e6fe kayyil p\u0113nayun\u1e6d\u01d4) \u2014 James has a pen with him.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      — Lesson Page 32 (Printed Page 78) —<\/p>\n

                                                      3.5 Interrogative Suffix -\u0d13 (-\u0d13)<\/h2>\n

                                                      Yes\/no questions are formed by adding the suffix -\u0d13 (-\u014d) to the end of the word being questioned, usually the verb. This suffix often causes a final short vowel to lengthen or an enunciative -\u01d4 to be replaced.<\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      • Examples:<\/b>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d (un\u1e6d\u01d4) -> \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? (un\u1e6d\u014d?) \u2014 Is there? \/ Have?<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (illa) -> \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47? (ill\u0113?) \u2014 Isn’t there? \/ Haven’t?<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02 (v\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43) -> \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b? (v\u0113\u1e47\u014d?) \u2014 Do (you) want?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          3.6 Expressing Likes and Dislikes<\/h2>\n

                                                          Liking or disliking is also a stative experience in Malayalam. The person who likes is in the dative case, and the object is used with \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d (i\u1e63\u1e6dam\u0101\u1e47\u01d4) “is a liking” or \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (i\u1e63\u1e6damalla) “is not a liking.”<\/p>\n

                                                            \n
                                                          • Examples:<\/b>\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. (e\u1e49ikk\u01d4 k\u0101ppi i\u1e63\u1e6dam\u0101\u1e47\u01d4) \u2014 I like coffee.<\/li>\n
                                                            • \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. (e\u1e49ikk\u01d4 \u010d\u0101ya i\u1e63\u1e6damalla) \u2014 I do not like tea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                              — Lesson Page 33 (Printed Page 79) —<\/p>\n

                                                              6. Exercises<\/h2>\n

                                                              Exercise 1: Substitution Drill<\/b> Substitute the words in parentheses into the model sentence, making any necessary changes. Model:<\/i> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (pustaka\u1e43, pa\u1e47a\u1e43, ku\u1e6da, ka\u1e6dal\u0101s)<\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                              1. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                              2. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                              3. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                              4. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                Exercise 2: Substitution Drill<\/b> Model:<\/i> \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (J\u0113ymi\u1e43s, m\u0101\u1e63, amm\u0101, a\u010d\u010da\u1e49)<\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                1. \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                                                2. \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                                                3. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                                                4. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1b\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                  — Lesson Page 34 (Printed Page 80) —<\/p>\n

                                                                  Exercise 3: Transformation Drill<\/b> Change the following affirmative sentences to negative ones. Model:<\/i> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. -> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                                                  2. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                                  3. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                                                  4. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                    Exercise 4: Transformation Drill<\/b> Change the following statements into questions using the suffix -\u0d13. Model:<\/i> \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. -> \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/p>\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/li>\n
                                                                    2. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                                                    3. \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/li>\n
                                                                    4. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                      — Lesson Page 35 (Printed Page 81) —<\/p>\n

                                                                      Exercise 5: Response Drill<\/b> Answer the following questions in the negative. Model:<\/i> \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? -> \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/p>\n

                                                                        \n
                                                                      1. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                                                                      2. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                                                                      3. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d36\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                                                                      4. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                        Exercise 6: Response Drill<\/b> Answer the following questions in the affirmative. Model:<\/i> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02? (p\u0113na) -> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        1. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d? (pustaka\u1e43)<\/li>\n
                                                                        2. \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (k\u0101ppi)<\/li>\n
                                                                        3. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02? (pa\u1e47a\u1e43)<\/li>\n
                                                                        4. \u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d? (rabbar)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                          — Lesson Page 36 (Printed Page 82) —<\/p>\n

                                                                          Exercise 7: Expansion Drill<\/b> Add the word in parentheses to the sentence. Model:<\/i> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (oru) -> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02.<\/p>\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          1. \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d37\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d02. (kura\u010d\u010d\u01d4)<\/li>\n
                                                                          2. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (ivi\u1e6de)<\/li>\n
                                                                          3. \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f. (kura\u010d\u010d\u01d4)<\/li>\n
                                                                          4. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (avi\u1e6de)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                            Exercise 8: Transformation Practice<\/b> Change the affirmative questions to negative questions. Model:<\/i> \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b? -> \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47?<\/p>\n

                                                                              \n
                                                                            1. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                                                                            2. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                                                                            3. \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b?<\/li>\n
                                                                            4. \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                              — Lesson Page 37 (Printed Page 83) —<\/p>\n

                                                                              Exercise 9: Translation Practice<\/b> Translate the following sentences into Malayalam.<\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. I have a pen.<\/li>\n
                                                                              2. Raman does not want money.<\/li>\n
                                                                              3. Do you have a pencil with you?<\/li>\n
                                                                              4. I like coffee, but I don’t like tea.<\/li>\n
                                                                              5. Here is the book; take it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                — Lesson Page 38 (Printed Page 84) —<\/p>\n

                                                                                7. Supplementary Lesson Material and Footnotes<\/h2>\n

                                                                                Cultural Note: Forms of Address<\/h3>\n

                                                                                In Kerala, social hierarchy and respect are reflected in forms of address. A teacher is rarely addressed by name. Students use the term ‘S\u0101r’ or ‘M\u0101\u1e63\u01d4’ for male teachers, and ‘Teacher’ for female teachers. Using the name alone is considered highly disrespectful.<\/p>\n

                                                                                — Lesson Page 39 (Printed Page 85) —<\/p>\n

                                                                                Note on Vocabulary: ‘Pa\u1e47a\u1e43’ and ‘K\u0101\u015b\u01d4’<\/h3>\n

                                                                                While ‘pa\u1e47a\u1e43’ is the general word for money, ‘k\u0101\u015b\u01d4’ is often used in the sense of ‘small change’ or ‘coins’ in some contexts, and as ‘money’ in others. In the northern regions, ‘k\u0101\u015b\u01d4’ is the more common colloquial term for money in general.<\/p>\n

                                                                                — Lesson Page 40 (Printed Page 86) —<\/p>\n

                                                                                Footnotes<\/h3>\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. Verb Suffixes:<\/b> Note that in the interrogative, the suffix -\u0d13 (-\u014d) causes the final vowel of ‘un\u1e6d\u01d4’ to be replaced by ‘\u014d’, resulting in ‘un\u1e6d\u014d’.<\/li>\n
                                                                                2. Permissive Forms:<\/b> The verb ‘e\u1e6dutt\u014d\u1e37\u016b’ (\u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d42) is the permissive form of ‘e\u1e6dukk\u016b’ (\u0d0e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42). It is used to give permission rather than a command, thus making it more polite. (See Reference Grammar \u00a78.4).<\/li>\n
                                                                                3. Dative Usage:<\/b> It is essential to remember that the subject of verbs like ‘v\u0113\u1e47a\u1e43’ and ‘i\u1e63\u1e6da\u1e43’ must always be in the dative case. Failure to do so is a common error for English speakers. (See Reference Grammar \u00a73.1).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-28","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/28","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/28\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/28\/revisions\/29"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/28\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=28"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=28"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=28"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}