{"id":24,"date":"2026-05-11T16:16:11","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T15:16:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/full-transcription-of-malayalam-lesson-one-pages-1-10\/"},"modified":"2026-05-18T10:16:14","modified_gmt":"2026-05-18T09:16:14","slug":"full-transcription-of-malayalam-lesson-one-pages-1-10","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/full-transcription-of-malayalam-lesson-one-pages-1-10\/","title":{"raw":"Lesson One (Pages 1-10)","rendered":"Lesson One (Pages 1-10)"},"content":{"raw":"<b>LESSON ONE<\/b>\n\n<b>Reference List<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li>1.1 Equational Sentences with the Copula <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li>1.2 The Interrogative Marker <i>-\u014d<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li>1.3 Personal and Possessive Pronouns<\/li>\n \t<li>1.4 Negation with <i>alla<\/i> and <i>illa<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li>1.5 The Existential and Possessive <i>u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li>1.6 The Quotative <i>ennu<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li>Pronunciation: Dental, Alveolar, and Retroflex Consonants<\/li>\n \t<li>Script: Initial Vowels and Consonants (Group 1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n<i>[End of Lesson Page 1 \/ Source Page 47]<\/i>\n<h2>Vocabulary Section<\/h2>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\n<td>Transliteration<\/td>\n<td>English Definition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>namask\u0101ram<\/td>\n<td>Hello; Greetings; Goodbye<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>sukham<\/td>\n<td>Health; Well-being; Comfort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am<\/td>\n<td>News; Something special<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>ent\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>What<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>There is; There are; Have<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>Is; Am; Are (Copula)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\n<td>alla<\/td>\n<td>Is not; Am not; Are not (Negates nouns)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\n<td>illa<\/td>\n<td>There is not; Are not; Have not (Negates existence)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>p\u0113r\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>Name<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/td>\n<td>ente<\/td>\n<td>My<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\n<td>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/td>\n<td>Your (Formal or Plural)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f<\/td>\n<td>nanni<\/td>\n<td>Thanks; Thank you<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f<\/td>\n<td>\u015bari<\/td>\n<td>Okay; Correct; All right<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46<\/td>\n<td>pinne<\/td>\n<td>Later; Then; And then<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>k\u0101\u1e47\u0101m<\/td>\n<td>Shall see; Let's see<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a<\/td>\n<td>j\u014dn<\/td>\n<td>John (Proper Name)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b<\/td>\n<td>r\u0101man<\/td>\n<td>Raman (Proper Name)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>add\u0113ham<\/td>\n<td>He (Formal\/Respectful)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c<\/td>\n<td>avar<\/td>\n<td>They; She\/He (Formal)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>it\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>This; This one<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>at\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>That; That one<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n<h2>Reading Practice and Conversation<\/h2>\n<h3>Reading Practice<\/h3>\n\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02. \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b? \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46. \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d? \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4b? \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d17\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f. \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.\n<h3>Conversation<\/h3>\n<b>S1:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02.\n\nHello.\n\n<b>S2:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02.\n\nHello.\n\n<b>S1:<\/b> \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?\n\nAre you well?\n\n<b>S2:<\/b> \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46. \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d?\n\nQuite well. What is the news?\n\n<b>S1:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?\n\nNo news. What is your name?\n\n<b>S2:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4b?\n\nMy name is Raman. Is his name John?\n\n<b>S1:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d17\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d.\n\nNo, his name is Gopalan.\n\n<b>S2:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f. \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.\n\nOkay, thanks. See you later.\n\n<b>S1:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02.\n\nOkay, goodbye.\n\n&nbsp;\n<h2>Grammar Notes 1.1 through 1.3<\/h2>\n<h3>1.1 Equational Sentences with the Copula <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i><\/h3>\nIn Malayalam, sentences which identify one person or thing with another, or which assign someone or something to a class, are called equational sentences. These sentences typically use the copula <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i>, which corresponds to the English verb \"to be\" (am, is, are). The copula <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i> is a defective verb; it does not change its form to agree with the subject in person, number, or gender. In a standard declarative sentence, <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i> occurs at the very end of the sentence.\n\nExamples:\n<ul>\n \t<li><i>ente p\u0113r\u01d4 j\u014dn \u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (My name is John.)<\/li>\n \t<li><i>it\u01d4 p\u0113r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (This is a name.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>1.2 The Interrogative Marker <i>-\u014d<\/i><\/h3>\nTo change a statement into a \"yes\/no\" question in Malayalam, the interrogative marker <i>-\u014d<\/i> is suffixed to the final word of the sentence. If the word to which it is attached ends in a vowel, a glide must be inserted to prevent hiatus. If the preceding vowel is <i>i, \u012b, e,<\/i> or <i>\u0113<\/i>, the glide <i>y<\/i> is used. If the preceding vowel is <i>u, \u016b, o,<\/i> or <i>\u014d<\/i>, the glide <i>v<\/i> is used. In the case of words ending in the \"echo vowel\" or \"half-u\" (<i>\u01d4<\/i>), the <i>\u01d4<\/i> is dropped before adding <i>-\u014d<\/i>.\n\nExamples:\n<ul>\n \t<li><i>sukham\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i> (It is well) + <i>-\u014d<\/i> \u2192 <i>sukham\u0101\u1e47\u014d?<\/i> (Is it well? \/ Are you well?)<\/li>\n \t<li><i>r\u0101man\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i> (It is Raman) + <i>-\u014d<\/i> \u2192 <i>r\u0101man\u0101\u1e47\u014d?<\/i> (Is it Raman?)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>1.3 Personal and Possessive Pronouns<\/h3>\nMalayalam personal pronouns reflect social distance and respect. The first-person singular possessive is <i>ente<\/i> (my). The second-person formal\/plural possessive is <i>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/i> (your). The subject forms are <i>\u00f1\u0101n<\/i> (I) and <i>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i> (you). In many instances, the subject pronoun is omitted if the context makes it clear who is being referred to, particularly in greetings and common inquiries. The possessive forms are created by adding the suffix <i>-u\u1e6de<\/i> to the oblique stem of the pronoun.\n\n&nbsp;\n<h2>Grammar Notes 1.4 through 1.6<\/h2>\n<h3>1.4 Negation with <i>alla<\/i> and <i>illa<\/i><\/h3>\nMalayalam distinguishes between two types of negation.\n<ol>\n \t<li><b>alla<\/b>: This is the negative of the copula <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i>. It is used in equational sentences to negate an identity or classification. It translates as \"is not,\" \"am not,\" or \"are not.\"\n<ul>\n \t<li><i>it\u01d4 ente p\u0113ralla.<\/i> (This is not my name.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li><b>illa<\/b>: This is the negative of the existential verb <i>u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i>. It is used to negate existence or possession. It translates as \"is not there,\" \"are not there,\" or \"do not have.\"\n<ul>\n \t<li><i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am illa.<\/i> (There is no news.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>1.5 The Existential and Possessive <i>u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i><\/h3>\nThe verb <i>u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i> is used to indicate existence (\"there is,\" \"there are\") or possession (\"have\"). Like the copula, it is a defective verb and typically appears at the end of the sentence. When expressing possession, the possessor is often in the dative case (to be covered in later lessons), but in simple Lesson One constructions, it follows the pattern of \"News exists.\"\n<ul>\n \t<li><i>sukham u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i> (There is well-being \/ [I] am well.)<\/li>\n \t<li><i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i> (There is news.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>1.6 The Quotative <i>ennu<\/i><\/h3>\nThe particle <i>ennu<\/i> is used as a quotative marker. It follows a direct quote, a thought, or a specific name being cited. In the context of introductions, <i>ennu<\/i> can follow a name to indicate \"called [Name].\" While simple equational sentences like <i>ente p\u0113r\u01d4 j\u014dn \u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i> are common, the use of <i>ennu<\/i> becomes essential when reporting speech or labeling objects and concepts.\n\n&nbsp;\n<h2>Pronunciation Practice<\/h2>\nThe phonology of Malayalam includes several series of consonants distinguished by the point of articulation in the mouth. Students must master the distinction between dental, alveolar, and retroflex positions.\n\n<b>Articulatory Instructions:<\/b>\n<ol>\n \t<li><b>Dental Consonants (n, t, d):<\/b> These are produced by placing the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper front teeth. This is more forward than the English \"t\" or \"d.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><b>Alveolar Consonants (n, t, r):<\/b> These are produced by placing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the bony protrusion just behind the upper teeth. This is similar to the English \"t\" or \"n\" position.<\/li>\n \t<li><b>Retroflex Consonants (\u1e47, \u1e6d, \u1e0d, \u1e37):<\/b> These are produced by curling the tip of the tongue back so that the underside of the tip strikes the center of the hard palate (the roof of the mouth).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<b>Practice List:<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li><b>Dental <\/b><i><b>n<\/b><\/i><b> vs. Alveolar <\/b><i><b>n<\/b><\/i><b>:<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li>\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 (<i>namask\u0101ram<\/i>) - Dental<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 (<i>ente<\/i>) - Alveolar <i>n<\/i> (followed by alveolar <i>t<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li><b>Retroflex <\/b><i><b>\u1e47<\/b><\/i><b>:<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02 (<i>k\u0101\u1e47\u0101m<\/i>) - Note the tongue curling back for the <i>\u1e47<\/i>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li><b>Vowel Length:<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Short <i>a<\/i>: <i>namask\u0101ram<\/i> (1st, 2nd, 4th syllables)<\/li>\n \t<li>Long <i>\u0101<\/i>: <i>namask\u0101ram<\/i> (3rd syllable), <i>k\u0101\u1e47\u0101m<\/i> (1st syllable). Long vowels must be held for twice the duration of short vowels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n&nbsp;\n<h2>Exercises 1 through 3<\/h2>\n<h3>Exercise 1: Substitution Drill<\/h3>\nSubstitute the names provided into the sentence frame: <i>ente p\u0113r\u01d4 ______ \u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (My name is ______.)\n<ol>\n \t<li>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b (Raman)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a (John)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d17\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d7b (Gopalan)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d38\u0d40\u0d24 (Sita)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f (Mary)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 2: Question Formation<\/h3>\nTransform the following statements into questions by adding the interrogative marker <i>-\u014d<\/i>. Remember to handle the glide or the echo vowel as explained in Grammar Note 1.2.\n<ol>\n \t<li><i>sukham\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (It is well.)<\/li>\n \t<li><i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i> (There is news.)<\/li>\n \t<li><i>p\u0113r\u01d4 j\u014dn \u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (The name is John.)<\/li>\n \t<li><i>it\u01d4 p\u0113r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (This is a name.)<\/li>\n \t<li><i>add\u0113ham r\u0101man\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (He is Raman.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 3: Negation Drill (alla vs. illa)<\/h3>\nNegate the following sentences using the correct negative marker (<i>alla<\/i> or <i>illa<\/i>).\n<ol>\n \t<li><i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li><i>ente p\u0113r\u01d4 j\u014dn \u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li><i>it\u01d4 p\u0113r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li><i>sukham u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li><i>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de p\u0113r\u01d4 r\u0101man\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Exercises 4 through 6<\/h2>\n<h3>Exercise 4: Response Drill<\/h3>\nProvide a logical response in Malayalam to the following prompts.\n<ol>\n \t<li><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02.<\/li>\n \t<li><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n \t<li><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/li>\n \t<li><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/li>\n \t<li><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 5: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/h3>\nTranslate the following sentences into Malayalam script.\n<ol>\n \t<li>My name is Raman.<\/li>\n \t<li>Are you well?<\/li>\n \t<li>There is no news.<\/li>\n \t<li>Is that a name?<\/li>\n \t<li>No, my name is not John.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 6: Script and Dictation Practice<\/h3>\nWrite the following words in Malayalam script. Focus on the correct formation of consonants and the placement of dependent vowel signs.\n<ol>\n \t<li>\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 (<i>namask\u0101ram<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02 (<i>sukham<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 (<i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 (<i>ente<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 (<i>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d (<i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (<i>alla<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (<i>illa<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d (<i>p\u0113r\u01d4<\/i>)<\/li>\n \t<li>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02 (<i>k\u0101\u1e47\u0101m<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Supplementary Vocabulary and Script Review<\/h2>\n<h3>Useful Expressions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li><i>ente sukham<\/i> - My health \/ my well-being<\/li>\n \t<li><i>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am<\/i> - Your news<\/li>\n \t<li><i>p\u0113r\u01d4 ent\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/i> - What is the name?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Script Notes: Group 1 Consonants<\/h3>\nThe consonants introduced in this lesson belong primarily to the Labial and Dental groups.\n<ul>\n \t<li><b>\u0d28 (na):<\/b> Dental nasal.<\/li>\n \t<li><b>\u0d2e (ma):<\/b> Labial nasal.<\/li>\n \t<li><b>\u0d24 (ta):<\/b> Dental voiceless plosive.<\/li>\n \t<li><b>\u0d2a (pa):<\/b> Labial voiceless plosive.<\/li>\n \t<li><b>\u0d30 (ra):<\/b> Alveolar tap\/trill.<\/li>\n \t<li><b>\u0d32 (la):<\/b> Alveolar lateral.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nReview the formation of the \"echo vowel\" marker (\u0d4d), which appears in words like \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d (<i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i>) and \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d (<i>p\u0113r\u01d4<\/i>). Note that in modern script, this crescent is placed to the upper right of the consonant.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n<i>[End of Lesson Page 9 \/ Source Page 55]<\/i>\n<h2>Review of Lesson One<\/h2>\nIn this lesson, we have covered the basic components of a Malayalam introduction. You should now be able to:\n<ol>\n \t<li>Exchange formal greetings (<i>namask\u0101ram<\/i>).<\/li>\n \t<li>Inquire about and state well-being (<i>sukham<\/i>).<\/li>\n \t<li>Ask for and provide names using possessive pronouns (<i>ente, ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/i>) and the copula (<i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i>).<\/li>\n \t<li>Formulate basic yes\/no questions using the suffix <i>-\u014d<\/i>.<\/li>\n \t<li>Distinguish between the negation of identity (<i>alla<\/i>) and the negation of existence (<i>illa<\/i>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<b>Self-Check List:<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Can you produce the retroflex <i>\u1e47<\/i> in <i>k\u0101\u1e47\u0101m<\/i>?<\/li>\n \t<li>Do you remember to use the glide <i>v<\/i> in <i>sukham\u0101\u1e47\u014d<\/i>?<\/li>\n \t<li>Can you write the word for \"news\" (<i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am<\/i>) correctly in script?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nPrepare for Lesson Two by reviewing the initial vowel forms and the consonant combinations found in the exercise section.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n<i>[End of Lesson Page 10 \/ Source Page 56]<\/i>","rendered":"<p><b>LESSON ONE<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Reference List<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1.1 Equational Sentences with the Copula <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i><\/li>\n<li>1.2 The Interrogative Marker <i>-\u014d<\/i><\/li>\n<li>1.3 Personal and Possessive Pronouns<\/li>\n<li>1.4 Negation with <i>alla<\/i> and <i>illa<\/i><\/li>\n<li>1.5 The Existential and Possessive <i>u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i><\/li>\n<li>1.6 The Quotative <i>ennu<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Pronunciation: Dental, Alveolar, and Retroflex Consonants<\/li>\n<li>Script: Initial Vowels and Consonants (Group 1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p><i>[End of Lesson Page 1 \/ Source Page 47]<\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Vocabulary Section<\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Malayalam (Unicode)<\/td>\n<td>Transliteration<\/td>\n<td>English Definition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>namask\u0101ram<\/td>\n<td>Hello; Greetings; Goodbye<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>sukham<\/td>\n<td>Health; Well-being; Comfort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am<\/td>\n<td>News; Something special<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>ent\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>What<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>There is; There are; Have<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>Is; Am; Are (Copula)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\n<td>alla<\/td>\n<td>Is not; Am not; Are not (Negates nouns)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/td>\n<td>illa<\/td>\n<td>There is not; Are not; Have not (Negates existence)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>p\u0113r\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>Name<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/td>\n<td>ente<\/td>\n<td>My<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/td>\n<td>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/td>\n<td>Your (Formal or Plural)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f<\/td>\n<td>nanni<\/td>\n<td>Thanks; Thank you<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f<\/td>\n<td>\u015bari<\/td>\n<td>Okay; Correct; All right<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46<\/td>\n<td>pinne<\/td>\n<td>Later; Then; And then<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>k\u0101\u1e47\u0101m<\/td>\n<td>Shall see; Let&#8217;s see<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a<\/td>\n<td>j\u014dn<\/td>\n<td>John (Proper Name)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b<\/td>\n<td>r\u0101man<\/td>\n<td>Raman (Proper Name)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02<\/td>\n<td>add\u0113ham<\/td>\n<td>He (Formal\/Respectful)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c<\/td>\n<td>avar<\/td>\n<td>They; She\/He (Formal)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>it\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>This; This one<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d<\/td>\n<td>at\u01d4<\/td>\n<td>That; That one<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<h2>Reading Practice and Conversation<\/h2>\n<h3>Reading Practice<\/h3>\n<p>\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02. \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b? \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46. \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d? \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4b? \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d17\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f. \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/p>\n<h3>Conversation<\/h3>\n<p><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02.<\/p>\n<p>Hello.<\/p>\n<p><b>S2:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02.<\/p>\n<p>Hello.<\/p>\n<p><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/p>\n<p>Are you well?<\/p>\n<p><b>S2:<\/b> \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46. \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/p>\n<p>Quite well. What is the news?<\/p>\n<p><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/p>\n<p>No news. What is your name?<\/p>\n<p><b>S2:<\/b> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/p>\n<p>My name is Raman. Is his name John?<\/p>\n<p><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d17\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/p>\n<p>No, his name is Gopalan.<\/p>\n<p><b>S2:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d28\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f. \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02.<\/p>\n<p>Okay, thanks. See you later.<\/p>\n<p><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02.<\/p>\n<p>Okay, goodbye.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Grammar Notes 1.1 through 1.3<\/h2>\n<h3>1.1 Equational Sentences with the Copula <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i><\/h3>\n<p>In Malayalam, sentences which identify one person or thing with another, or which assign someone or something to a class, are called equational sentences. These sentences typically use the copula <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i>, which corresponds to the English verb &#8220;to be&#8221; (am, is, are). The copula <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i> is a defective verb; it does not change its form to agree with the subject in person, number, or gender. In a standard declarative sentence, <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i> occurs at the very end of the sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>ente p\u0113r\u01d4 j\u014dn \u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (My name is John.)<\/li>\n<li><i>it\u01d4 p\u0113r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (This is a name.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>1.2 The Interrogative Marker <i>-\u014d<\/i><\/h3>\n<p>To change a statement into a &#8220;yes\/no&#8221; question in Malayalam, the interrogative marker <i>-\u014d<\/i> is suffixed to the final word of the sentence. If the word to which it is attached ends in a vowel, a glide must be inserted to prevent hiatus. If the preceding vowel is <i>i, \u012b, e,<\/i> or <i>\u0113<\/i>, the glide <i>y<\/i> is used. If the preceding vowel is <i>u, \u016b, o,<\/i> or <i>\u014d<\/i>, the glide <i>v<\/i> is used. In the case of words ending in the &#8220;echo vowel&#8221; or &#8220;half-u&#8221; (<i>\u01d4<\/i>), the <i>\u01d4<\/i> is dropped before adding <i>-\u014d<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>sukham\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i> (It is well) + <i>-\u014d<\/i> \u2192 <i>sukham\u0101\u1e47\u014d?<\/i> (Is it well? \/ Are you well?)<\/li>\n<li><i>r\u0101man\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i> (It is Raman) + <i>-\u014d<\/i> \u2192 <i>r\u0101man\u0101\u1e47\u014d?<\/i> (Is it Raman?)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>1.3 Personal and Possessive Pronouns<\/h3>\n<p>Malayalam personal pronouns reflect social distance and respect. The first-person singular possessive is <i>ente<\/i> (my). The second-person formal\/plural possessive is <i>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/i> (your). The subject forms are <i>\u00f1\u0101n<\/i> (I) and <i>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37<\/i> (you). In many instances, the subject pronoun is omitted if the context makes it clear who is being referred to, particularly in greetings and common inquiries. The possessive forms are created by adding the suffix <i>-u\u1e6de<\/i> to the oblique stem of the pronoun.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Grammar Notes 1.4 through 1.6<\/h2>\n<h3>1.4 Negation with <i>alla<\/i> and <i>illa<\/i><\/h3>\n<p>Malayalam distinguishes between two types of negation.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>alla<\/b>: This is the negative of the copula <i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i>. It is used in equational sentences to negate an identity or classification. It translates as &#8220;is not,&#8221; &#8220;am not,&#8221; or &#8220;are not.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li><i>it\u01d4 ente p\u0113ralla.<\/i> (This is not my name.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>illa<\/b>: This is the negative of the existential verb <i>u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i>. It is used to negate existence or possession. It translates as &#8220;is not there,&#8221; &#8220;are not there,&#8221; or &#8220;do not have.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li><i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am illa.<\/i> (There is no news.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>1.5 The Existential and Possessive <i>u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i><\/h3>\n<p>The verb <i>u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4<\/i> is used to indicate existence (&#8220;there is,&#8221; &#8220;there are&#8221;) or possession (&#8220;have&#8221;). Like the copula, it is a defective verb and typically appears at the end of the sentence. When expressing possession, the possessor is often in the dative case (to be covered in later lessons), but in simple Lesson One constructions, it follows the pattern of &#8220;News exists.&#8221;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>sukham u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i> (There is well-being \/ [I] am well.)<\/li>\n<li><i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i> (There is news.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>1.6 The Quotative <i>ennu<\/i><\/h3>\n<p>The particle <i>ennu<\/i> is used as a quotative marker. It follows a direct quote, a thought, or a specific name being cited. In the context of introductions, <i>ennu<\/i> can follow a name to indicate &#8220;called [Name].&#8221; While simple equational sentences like <i>ente p\u0113r\u01d4 j\u014dn \u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i> are common, the use of <i>ennu<\/i> becomes essential when reporting speech or labeling objects and concepts.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Pronunciation Practice<\/h2>\n<p>The phonology of Malayalam includes several series of consonants distinguished by the point of articulation in the mouth. Students must master the distinction between dental, alveolar, and retroflex positions.<\/p>\n<p><b>Articulatory Instructions:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Dental Consonants (n, t, d):<\/b> These are produced by placing the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper front teeth. This is more forward than the English &#8220;t&#8221; or &#8220;d.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><b>Alveolar Consonants (n, t, r):<\/b> These are produced by placing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the bony protrusion just behind the upper teeth. This is similar to the English &#8220;t&#8221; or &#8220;n&#8221; position.<\/li>\n<li><b>Retroflex Consonants (\u1e47, \u1e6d, \u1e0d, \u1e37):<\/b> These are produced by curling the tip of the tongue back so that the underside of the tip strikes the center of the hard palate (the roof of the mouth).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Practice List:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Dental <\/b><i><b>n<\/b><\/i><b> vs. Alveolar <\/b><i><b>n<\/b><\/i><b>:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 (<i>namask\u0101ram<\/i>) &#8211; Dental<\/li>\n<li>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 (<i>ente<\/i>) &#8211; Alveolar <i>n<\/i> (followed by alveolar <i>t<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Retroflex <\/b><i><b>\u1e47<\/b><\/i><b>:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02 (<i>k\u0101\u1e47\u0101m<\/i>) &#8211; Note the tongue curling back for the <i>\u1e47<\/i>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Vowel Length:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Short <i>a<\/i>: <i>namask\u0101ram<\/i> (1st, 2nd, 4th syllables)<\/li>\n<li>Long <i>\u0101<\/i>: <i>namask\u0101ram<\/i> (3rd syllable), <i>k\u0101\u1e47\u0101m<\/i> (1st syllable). Long vowels must be held for twice the duration of short vowels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Exercises 1 through 3<\/h2>\n<h3>Exercise 1: Substitution Drill<\/h3>\n<p>Substitute the names provided into the sentence frame: <i>ente p\u0113r\u01d4 ______ \u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (My name is ______.)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b (Raman)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a (John)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d17\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d7b (Gopalan)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d38\u0d40\u0d24 (Sita)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f (Mary)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 2: Question Formation<\/h3>\n<p>Transform the following statements into questions by adding the interrogative marker <i>-\u014d<\/i>. Remember to handle the glide or the echo vowel as explained in Grammar Note 1.2.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><i>sukham\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (It is well.)<\/li>\n<li><i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i> (There is news.)<\/li>\n<li><i>p\u0113r\u01d4 j\u014dn \u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (The name is John.)<\/li>\n<li><i>it\u01d4 p\u0113r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (This is a name.)<\/li>\n<li><i>add\u0113ham r\u0101man\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i> (He is Raman.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 3: Negation Drill (alla vs. illa)<\/h3>\n<p>Negate the following sentences using the correct negative marker (<i>alla<\/i> or <i>illa<\/i>).<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>ente p\u0113r\u01d4 j\u014dn \u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>it\u01d4 p\u0113r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>sukham u\u1e47\u1e6d\u01d4.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de p\u0113r\u01d4 r\u0101man\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Exercises 4 through 6<\/h2>\n<h3>Exercise 4: Response Drill<\/h3>\n<p>Provide a logical response in Malayalam to the following prompts.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02.<\/li>\n<li><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n<li><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d?<\/li>\n<li><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/li>\n<li><b>S1:<\/b> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4b?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 5: Translation (English to Malayalam)<\/h3>\n<p>Translate the following sentences into Malayalam script.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>My name is Raman.<\/li>\n<li>Are you well?<\/li>\n<li>There is no news.<\/li>\n<li>Is that a name?<\/li>\n<li>No, my name is not John.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Exercise 6: Script and Dictation Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Write the following words in Malayalam script. Focus on the correct formation of consonants and the placement of dependent vowel signs.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 (<i>namask\u0101ram<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d38\u0d41\u0d16\u0d02 (<i>sukham<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 (<i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 (<i>ente<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 (<i>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d (<i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (<i>alla<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 (<i>illa<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d (<i>p\u0113r\u01d4<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d02 (<i>k\u0101\u1e47\u0101m<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Supplementary Vocabulary and Script Review<\/h2>\n<h3>Useful Expressions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><i>ente sukham<\/i> &#8211; My health \/ my well-being<\/li>\n<li><i>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am<\/i> &#8211; Your news<\/li>\n<li><i>p\u0113r\u01d4 ent\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/i> &#8211; What is the name?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Script Notes: Group 1 Consonants<\/h3>\n<p>The consonants introduced in this lesson belong primarily to the Labial and Dental groups.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>\u0d28 (na):<\/b> Dental nasal.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0d2e (ma):<\/b> Labial nasal.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0d24 (ta):<\/b> Dental voiceless plosive.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0d2a (pa):<\/b> Labial voiceless plosive.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0d30 (ra):<\/b> Alveolar tap\/trill.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0d32 (la):<\/b> Alveolar lateral.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Review the formation of the &#8220;echo vowel&#8221; marker (\u0d4d), which appears in words like \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d (<i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i>) and \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d (<i>p\u0113r\u01d4<\/i>). Note that in modern script, this crescent is placed to the upper right of the consonant.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p><i>[End of Lesson Page 9 \/ Source Page 55]<\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Review of Lesson One<\/h2>\n<p>In this lesson, we have covered the basic components of a Malayalam introduction. You should now be able to:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Exchange formal greetings (<i>namask\u0101ram<\/i>).<\/li>\n<li>Inquire about and state well-being (<i>sukham<\/i>).<\/li>\n<li>Ask for and provide names using possessive pronouns (<i>ente, ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/i>) and the copula (<i>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/i>).<\/li>\n<li>Formulate basic yes\/no questions using the suffix <i>-\u014d<\/i>.<\/li>\n<li>Distinguish between the negation of identity (<i>alla<\/i>) and the negation of existence (<i>illa<\/i>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Self-Check List:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Can you produce the retroflex <i>\u1e47<\/i> in <i>k\u0101\u1e47\u0101m<\/i>?<\/li>\n<li>Do you remember to use the glide <i>v<\/i> in <i>sukham\u0101\u1e47\u014d<\/i>?<\/li>\n<li>Can you write the word for &#8220;news&#8221; (<i>vi\u015b\u0113\u1e63am<\/i>) correctly in script?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Prepare for Lesson Two by reviewing the initial vowel forms and the consonant combinations found in the exercise section.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p><i>[End of Lesson Page 10 \/ Source Page 56]<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-24","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/24","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/24\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/24\/revisions\/25"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/24\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=24"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=24"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=24"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}