{"id":22,"date":"2026-05-11T15:50:54","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T14:50:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/chapter-1\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T09:16:51","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T08:16:51","slug":"chapter-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/chapter\/chapter-1\/","title":{"raw":"LESSON ONE","rendered":"LESSON ONE"},"content":{"raw":"<h3><strong>REFERENCE LIST: CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThese are common phrases used during instruction.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d42<\/strong> (<em>pa\u1e5fay\u016b<\/em>) \u2014 Please say\/speak\/tell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>ell\u0101ru\u1e43<\/em>) \u2014 Everyone.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>onnicc\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 Together.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d4b?<\/strong> (<em>manassil\u0101y\u014d?<\/em>) \u2014 Do you understand?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/strong> (<em>manassil\u0101yi<\/em>) \u2014 (I) understand.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><strong>VOCABULARY<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nWords are listed in the order they appear in the lesson text.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f<\/strong> (<em>\u015bari<\/em>) \u2014 Okay, fine, good.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/strong> (<em>bill<\/em>) \u2014 Bill (a male name).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>r\u0101ma\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Raman (a male name).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/strong> (<em>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/em>) \u2014 Your (polite).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>p\u0113ru<\/em>) \u2014 Name.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>enth\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 What?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e<\/strong> (<em>enth\u0101<\/em>) \u2014 What is? (short for \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d - <em>enth\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/strong> (<em>ente<\/em>) \u2014 My.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>enn\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 Quotative or Citation Marker.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>ava\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 He (inferior to speaker\/familiar).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>\u0101ru<\/em>) \u2014 Who?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 Is.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>r\u0101ja\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Rajan (a male name).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e<\/strong> (<em>ava\u1e37<\/em>) \u2014 She (inferior to speaker\/familiar).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d23\u0d3f<\/strong> (<em>ma\u1e47i<\/em>) \u2014 Mani (a female name).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>addh\u0113ham<\/em>) \u2014 He (respected).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c<\/strong> (<em>th\u014dmas s\u0101rr<\/em>) \u2014 Mr. Thomas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>ith\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 This (thing).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19<\/strong> (<em>m\u0101\u1e45\u1e45a<\/em>) \u2014 Mango.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>ath\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 That (thing).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>pa\u1e3ba\u1e43<\/em>) \u2014 Banana\/Fruit.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>pusthaka\u1e43<\/em>) \u2014 Book.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28<\/strong> (<em>p\u0113na<\/em>) \u2014 Pen.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d36<\/strong> (<em>m\u0113\u015ba<\/em>) \u2014 Table.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d15\u0d38\u0d47\u0d30<\/strong> (<em>kas\u0113ra<\/em>) \u2014 Chair.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><strong>READING PRACTICE<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nTraining the eye to recognize the visual pattern of the verb <strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em>) joining to nouns.\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Base Noun<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Combined Form<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Transliteration<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><em>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><em>\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><em>bill\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><em>r\u0101ma\u1e49\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><em>ith\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><em>enth\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><em>ava\u1e49\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><em>addh\u0113ham\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><em>pusthakam\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d15\u0d38\u0d47\u0d30<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d15\u0d38\u0d47\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\"><em>kas\u0113ray\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3><strong>CONVERSATION: WHAT IS YOUR NAME?<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nA basic introductory dialogue.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/strong> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de p\u0113ru enth\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 What is your name?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b:<\/strong> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>ente p\u0113ru r\u0101ja\u1e49 enn\u0101\u1e47\u01d4. ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de p\u0113ru enth\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 My name is Rajan. What is your name?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/strong> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>ente p\u0113ru bill. ava\u1e49 \u0101r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 My name is Bill. Who is he?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b:<\/strong> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d06\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>ava\u1e49 r\u0101ma\u1e49\u0101\u1e47\u01d4. ava\u1e37 \u0101r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 He is Raman. Who is she?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/strong> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d2e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>ava\u1e37 ma\u1e47iy\u0101\u1e47\u01d4. addh\u0113ham \u0101r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 She is Mani. Who is he (respected)?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b:<\/strong> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>addh\u0113ham th\u014dmas s\u0101rr\u0101\u1e47\u01d4. ith\u01d4 enth\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 He is Mr. Thomas. What is this?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/strong> \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. (<em>ith\u01d4 m\u0101\u1e45\u1e45ay\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/em>) \u2014 This is a mango.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><strong>EXERCISES<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nPractice drills for reinforcement.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Object Identification:<\/strong> Respond to \"\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?\" (<em>What is this?<\/em>) by naming items in the room (e.g., <strong>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d38\u0d47\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> - <em>This is a chair<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>People Identification:<\/strong> Practice identifying people using appropriate respect levels (e.g., <strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> vs. <strong>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong>).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Translation into Malayalam:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Who is she? \u2014 <strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d06\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is this? \u2014 <strong>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>I am Bill. \u2014 <strong>\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Writing Practice:<\/strong> Combine nouns with <strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> (e.g., <strong>\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b + \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d = \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3><strong>GRAMMAR NOTES<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nFoundational rules for Lesson One.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>1.1 Grammatical Explanations:<\/strong> Real focus should be on the language; grammar is an aid, not an obstacle [1.1].<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>1.2 Sentence Order:<\/strong> The standard order is <strong>Subject-Object-Verb<\/strong>. The verb always appears at the end [1.2].<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>1.3 Equative Sentences:<\/strong> Statements of <strong>X = Y<\/strong> use a \"copula\" verb at the end (e.g., <strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong>) [1.3].<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>1.4 Copula Deletion:<\/strong> In informal speech, <strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> is often dropped when giving names (e.g., <strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/strong>) [1.4].<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>1.5 Quotative Particle \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d:<\/strong> When giving a name with the copula, the name must be followed by <strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/strong> (e.g., <strong>\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong>) [1.5].<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>1.6 Social Dimensions:<\/strong> Pronouns reflect social status. <strong>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/strong> is polite; <strong>\u0d28\u0d40<\/strong> is for children or inferiors. <strong>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02<\/strong> is for respected males, while <strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b\/\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e<\/strong> are for social inferiors or equals [1.6].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h3><strong>REFERENCE LIST: CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>These are common phrases used during instruction.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d42<\/strong> (<em>pa\u1e5fay\u016b<\/em>) \u2014 Please say\/speak\/tell.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>ell\u0101ru\u1e43<\/em>) \u2014 Everyone.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>onnicc\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 Together.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d4b?<\/strong> (<em>manassil\u0101y\u014d?<\/em>) \u2014 Do you understand?<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f<\/strong> (<em>manassil\u0101yi<\/em>) \u2014 (I) understand.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>VOCABULARY<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Words are listed in the order they appear in the lesson text.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0d36\u0d30\u0d3f<\/strong> (<em>\u015bari<\/em>) \u2014 Okay, fine, good.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/strong> (<em>bill<\/em>) \u2014 Bill (a male name).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>r\u0101ma\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Raman (a male name).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/strong> (<em>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de<\/em>) \u2014 Your (polite).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>p\u0113ru<\/em>) \u2014 Name.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>enth\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 What?<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e<\/strong> (<em>enth\u0101<\/em>) \u2014 What is? (short for \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d &#8211; <em>enth\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/strong> (<em>ente<\/em>) \u2014 My.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>enn\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 Quotative or Citation Marker.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>ava\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 He (inferior to speaker\/familiar).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>\u0101ru<\/em>) \u2014 Who?<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 Is.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b<\/strong> (<em>r\u0101ja\u1e49<\/em>) \u2014 Rajan (a male name).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e<\/strong> (<em>ava\u1e37<\/em>) \u2014 She (inferior to speaker\/familiar).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d23\u0d3f<\/strong> (<em>ma\u1e47i<\/em>) \u2014 Mani (a female name).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>addh\u0113ham<\/em>) \u2014 He (respected).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d7c<\/strong> (<em>th\u014dmas s\u0101rr<\/em>) \u2014 Mr. Thomas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>ith\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 This (thing).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19<\/strong> (<em>m\u0101\u1e45\u1e45a<\/em>) \u2014 Mango.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>ath\u01d4<\/em>) \u2014 That (thing).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d34\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>pa\u1e3ba\u1e43<\/em>) \u2014 Banana\/Fruit.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/strong> (<em>pusthaka\u1e43<\/em>) \u2014 Book.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d28<\/strong> (<em>p\u0113na<\/em>) \u2014 Pen.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d36<\/strong> (<em>m\u0113\u015ba<\/em>) \u2014 Table.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d15\u0d38\u0d47\u0d30<\/strong> (<em>kas\u0113ra<\/em>) \u2014 Chair.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>READING PRACTICE<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Training the eye to recognize the visual pattern of the verb <strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> (<em>\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em>) joining to nouns.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Base Noun<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Combined Form<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><em>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d1e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><em>\u00f1a\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><em>bill\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><em>r\u0101ma\u1e49\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><em>ith\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><em>enth\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><em>ava\u1e49\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><em>addh\u0113ham\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d02<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><em>pusthakam\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d15\u0d38\u0d47\u0d30<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>\u0d15\u0d38\u0d47\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><em>kas\u0113ray\u0101\u1e47\u01d4<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong>CONVERSATION: WHAT IS YOUR NAME?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A basic introductory dialogue.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/strong> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de p\u0113ru enth\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 What is your name?<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b:<\/strong> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>ente p\u0113ru r\u0101ja\u1e49 enn\u0101\u1e47\u01d4. ni\u1e45\u1e45a\u1e37u\u1e6de p\u0113ru enth\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 My name is Rajan. What is your name?<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/strong> \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>ente p\u0113ru bill. ava\u1e49 \u0101r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 My name is Bill. Who is he?<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b:<\/strong> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d06\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>ava\u1e49 r\u0101ma\u1e49\u0101\u1e47\u01d4. ava\u1e37 \u0101r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 He is Raman. Who is she?<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/strong> \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d2e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>ava\u1e37 ma\u1e47iy\u0101\u1e47\u01d4. addh\u0113ham \u0101r\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 She is Mani. Who is he (respected)?<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b:<\/strong> \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d? (<em>addh\u0113ham th\u014dmas s\u0101rr\u0101\u1e47\u01d4. ith\u01d4 enth\u0101\u1e47\u01d4?<\/em>) \u2014 He is Mr. Thomas. What is this?<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d:<\/strong> \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. (<em>ith\u01d4 m\u0101\u1e45\u1e45ay\u0101\u1e47\u01d4.<\/em>) \u2014 This is a mango.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>EXERCISES<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Practice drills for reinforcement.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Object Identification:<\/strong> Respond to &#8220;\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?&#8221; (<em>What is this?<\/em>) by naming items in the room (e.g., <strong>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d38\u0d47\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> &#8211; <em>This is a chair<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>People Identification:<\/strong> Practice identifying people using appropriate respect levels (e.g., <strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> vs. <strong>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Translation into Malayalam:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Who is she? \u2014 <strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d06\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>What is this? \u2014 <strong>\u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>I am Bill. \u2014 <strong>\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Writing Practice:<\/strong> Combine nouns with <strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> (e.g., <strong>\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7b + \u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d = \u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><strong>GRAMMAR NOTES<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Foundational rules for Lesson One.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1.1 Grammatical Explanations:<\/strong> Real focus should be on the language; grammar is an aid, not an obstacle [1.1].<\/li>\n<li><strong>1.2 Sentence Order:<\/strong> The standard order is <strong>Subject-Object-Verb<\/strong>. The verb always appears at the end [1.2].<\/li>\n<li><strong>1.3 Equative Sentences:<\/strong> Statements of <strong>X = Y<\/strong> use a &#8220;copula&#8221; verb at the end (e.g., <strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong>) [1.3].<\/li>\n<li><strong>1.4 Copula Deletion:<\/strong> In informal speech, <strong>\u0d06\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong> is often dropped when giving names (e.g., <strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d<\/strong>) [1.4].<\/li>\n<li><strong>1.5 Quotative Particle \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d:<\/strong> When giving a name with the copula, the name must be followed by <strong>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d<\/strong> (e.g., <strong>\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/strong>) [1.5].<\/li>\n<li><strong>1.6 Social Dimensions:<\/strong> Pronouns reflect social status. <strong>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/strong> is polite; <strong>\u0d28\u0d40<\/strong> is for children or inferiors. <strong>\u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d39\u0d02<\/strong> is for respected males, while <strong>\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b\/\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e<\/strong> are for social inferiors or equals [1.6].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-22","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/22","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/22\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":124,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/22\/revisions\/124"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/22\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=22"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=22"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/moagml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=22"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}