{"id":17,"date":"2026-05-05T08:16:34","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T07:16:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/front-matter\/introduction-2\/"},"modified":"2026-05-05T08:16:34","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T07:16:34","slug":"introduction-2","status":"publish","type":"front-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/front-matter\/introduction-2\/","title":{"raw":"Preface","rendered":"Preface"},"content":{"raw":"The materials for this work have been collected during more\u00a0than twenty-five years' study of the language. The words have been\u00a0taken from all available sources, from the lips of speakers of all ranks,\u00a0castes and occupations, from the letters and records of many different\u00a0districts, and from the writers in prose and poetry of every age. A\u00a0list necessarily imperfect of the literature which has been ransacked\u00a0for contributions, will be subjoined under the head of Abbreviations.\n
    \n \t
  1. It has been found difficult to draw the line of demarcation between Malay\u0101lam and Tamil words. These two languages of old differed rather as dialects of the same member of the Dravidian family, than as separate languages; in consequence many Tamil words occur still in local usage (e.g. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d1f in some of its senses) or in time-honored phrases and formulas (e.g. \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d15, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15, \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b), which have long ceased to be used in colloquial speech. A consider-able number of such have been received and marked as a M. (ancient Malay\u0101lam). They cannot be dispensed with, if the Dictionary is to give a true representation of the history of the language. This history commences for us (if we except a few inscriptions on copper and stone) with the R\u0101ma Charitam, in which we probably have the oldest Malay\u0101lam poem still in existence, composed as it was before the intro-duction of the Sanscrit alphabet and deserving of the particular attention of the scholar, as it exhibits the earliest phase of the language, perhaps centuries before the arrival of the Portuguese. For several antiquated words (such as \u0d05\u0d34\u0d41\u0d15, \u0d05\u0d31\u0d02, II. \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f) this poem is the only authority. The bulk of the other great poems, the Bh\u0101ratam, R\u0101m\u0101yanam, and the versions of the Pur\u0101nas were composed within the two\u00a0or three last centuries. As these constitute the popular literature of\u00a0all Malay\u0101lam readers, no Dravidian word found in them has been\u00a0excluded. On the other hand there are many Malay\u0101lam composi-tions of later date, especially such as are current among the V\u0113d\u0101ntists,\u00a0which evidently affect Tamil modes of expression. These have been\u00a0excluded if not supported by other evidence.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \n \t
    1. To determine the amount of Sanscrit words to be received\u00a0into a Malayalam Dictionary has been a task of even greater difficulty.\u00a0As this Dictionary is not intended for the use of Sanscrit students, the\u00a0rule followed in compiling it has been to include only those words\u00a0and meanings that were found in bon\u00e2fide Malay\u0101lam productions; to\u00a0sift and reduce the enormous mass of mythological and botanical names\u00a0and synonyms, many of which are confessedly very doubtful; to record\u00a0merely the principal signification of words confined to poetical usage;\u00a0and to devote particular attention only to those terms which are gene-rally accepted as fairly \"domiciled\" in Malay\u0101lam and which have\u00a0in the course of naturalization received various applications not to\u00a0be met with in pure Sanscrit (e. g. \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d38\u0d30\u0d02).<\/li>\n \t
    2. The idioms and significations peculiar to Southern Kerala or Travancore, have been carefully collected both from the productions of the Cottayam Press, and from the very valuable Dictionaries com-piled by the Portuguese and Italian Missionaries of Verapoli; works which, although completed in 1746, rest upon materials accumulated in the 17th, perhaps even 16th century, and rank as the oldest monu-ment extant of the study of Indian languages by Europeans. (They are marked in the Dictionary V1. & V2.). Still greater care has been bestowed upon the language of Northern Kerala or Malabar proper (with the B\u0113kal Talook of Canara); and explanations of the histori-cal names, castes and dynasties (comp. \u0d05\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b, \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d42\u0d7c, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d46\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f) and of the institutions, usages and traditions, by which this province differs so singularly from the surrounding countries (see for instance, \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2e, \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2d\u0d35\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d02) have been drawn from every trustworthy source. Amongst the sources for this kind of information I would particularly point out the old Tellicherry Records (TR.) as conveying a mass of instruc-tion in the best prose of the language.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        \n \t
      1. The object being to present a faithful picture of the whole\u00a0Malay\u0101lam tongue, the writer has not felt at liberty to exclude the\u00a0foreign words which have of necessity crept into the language. The\u00a0Arabic, Persian, Hindustani, Portuguese and even English terms,\u00a0which the commerce of centuries and the conquest of foreign creeds\u00a0and arms with new laws and arts have introduced along this coast,\u00a0cannot be proscribed, whatever regret their prevalence may excite\u00a0in the purist. They do not, of course, claim the same minute investi-gation and treatment, which belong to words, whose birthright and\u00a0position in the language are indisputable. (See for Ar. \u0d05\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d40\u0d7c, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d7c, \u0d05\u0d32\u0d41\u0d35; for P. \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d3f; for H. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c,\u00a0\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d7d, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f; for Port. \u0d05\u0d28\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d; for E \u0d05\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d7d).<\/li>\n \t
      2. It is for the same reason, that provincialisms and vulgarisms\u00a0have not been rejected, though they are pointed out as such (f.i. \u0d05\u0d02\u0d38\u0d30\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02 under \u0d05\u0d35\u0d38\u0d30\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02). To discard coarse and\u00a0even obscene modes of speech, has not been thought advisable, how-ever much their existence and currency may be regretted. They are\u00a0marked \"obsc.\", as was done by the fathers of Verapoli in their day,\u00a0that they may be avoided. Under all these heads (\u00a7 2\u20146) the student\u00a0will of course have room for candid allowance concerning omissions\u00a0and superfluities.<\/li>\n \t
      3. The writer has throughout endeavoured to trace the origin of\u00a0each word; and particular attention has been paid to the comparison\u00a0of the cognate Dravidian languages. He has not been successful in\u00a0every instance (e.g. \u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d); sometimes the unimportance of the\u00a0word, as in the case of provincialisms, prevented him from prosecut-ing his search to the end.<\/li>\n \t
      4. The arrangement chosen has been, to point out as far as possi-ble the root and origin of each word, to give first its primitive sense and to add the figurative and free senses in a rational order; lastly to illustrate them by examples taken from reliable authorities. The different constructions in which the same word occurs (e.g. \u0d05\u0d32\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15), its various applications (e. g. \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15), allusions to the tra-ditions and superstitions of the people (\u0d05\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f, \u0d05\u0d30\u0d23), standing phrases (\u0d05\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25) and proverbial expressions (\u0d05\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2c\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d36, \u0d05\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d33), these points have been es-pecially considered in selecting the illustrations. The Compounds and Derivatives are arranged under each leading word in alphabetical order, but are not treated at the length that appeared necessary in the case of the parent words.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          \n \t
        1. The orthography of each word is fixed at the head of the article\u00a0which treats of it, but in the illustrations deviations are allowed, when\u00a0they exhibit a current pronunciation (e.g. \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41), or are\u00a0borne out by the constant usage of some locality or caste (\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d43\u0d24\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d30\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41), or when, as in the case of the numerous Tadbhavams, it is\u00a0caused by the inequalities of the Sanscrit and Dravidian alphabets\u00a0(e.g. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f).<\/li>\n \t
        2. It cannot be expected that the work should be compressed within the same compass as the Rev. Mr. Bailey's Dictionary. Not that the latter will always be found the more concise of the two. It is one of the chief defects of that, otherwise valuable, work, that it does not discriminate between Malay\u0101lam and Sanscrit terms and leaves the student completely in the dark, both as regards the ety-mology and the proportional importance of words. For it concedes to unknown and useless words (e.g. \u0d05\u0d1c\u0d36\u0d43\u0d02\u0d17\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d43\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02) as well as to those that are comparatively unimportant (as \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3f, \u0d1a) more space, than to words of the genuine native stock that occur frequently in idi-oms of daily current use (e.g. (\u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32). In consequence it will be found, that the Sanscrit part of the present work (see for instance the compounds with \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d2a, \u0d05\u0d2d\u0d3f) occupies less space than was the case in the former Dictionary, and this without any detriment to the subject matter. The progress made in the study of Sanscrit subsequent to the appearance of Dr. Wilson's Dictionary (on which the Sanscrit portion of Mr. Bailey's work is based) has enabled the writer to throw new light even on this part of his task. On the other hand he has endeavored to condense the matter present-ed into the shortest possible space. What is obvious has been omitted,\u00a0many secondary words are but slightly noticed and a liberal use has\u00a0been made of abbreviations. By these means it is possible to publish\u00a0the whole work in one portable volume; smaller than Rottler's Tamil\u00a0or Reeve's Canarese Dictionary.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
            \n \t
          1. The student may at the beginning be embarassed by some of\u00a0the abbreviations adopted (for instance \u221a for root; + plus as in \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b,\u00a0which is composed of \u0d05+\u0d05\u0d7b; the figures (2)(3) which point to that\u00a0signification of the parent word from which the derivative is deducible,\u00a0(as \u0d05\u0d15\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d7e (3) to \u0d05\u0d15\u0d02 3., the mind). Also the absence of the\u00a0common signs s., adj. may startle him at first sight. They have been\u00a0deliberately abandoned. What, for instance, is the use of calling (\u0d05\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d02 an adj., which indeed it is in Sanscrit, when the example subjoined\u00a0\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e shows that in Malay\u0101lam it is used as a noun? Or why\u00a0should \u0d05\u0d15\u0d43\u0d24\u0d02 be called an adj. and \u0d05\u0d15\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 a subst, whilst in S.\u00a0both are equally adjectives and in Malay\u0101lam strictly speaking both\u00a0are nouns, though poetical usage may treat them more or less as\u00a0adjectives. Can the indefinite Numerals, such as \u0d05\u0d28\u0d47\u0d15\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02be called adjectives, or have composition-cases like \u0d05\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47 a claim\u00a0to that name? It seems to be of more moment to show by examples,\u00a0how the words are applied, than to pretend to classify them by the\u00a0utterly incongruous nomenclature of the grammar of European\u00a0languages. Where doubts might arise, the gender, which in most\u00a0cases is recognizable by the termination, will be found marked, as\u00a0\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d32\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d3f m.,\u2014 \u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3f f.; \u0d05\u0d34\u0d15\u0d7b m., \u0d05\u0d34\u0d15\u0d3f f. Butsince Malay\u0101lam\u00a0grammar acknowledges only the distinctions of Nouns, Verbs and In-declinables, the Verb seems to be the only part of speech which re-quires specifying marks. This has been amply done by the abbrevi-ations a. v.=active verb, n. v.= neuter verb, CV.= Causal Verb, den V.=\u00a0denominative Verb, defV.= defective Verb, (for instance \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d41), adj. V.=\u00a0adjectival Verb (as \u0d05\u0d30\u0d41, \u0d07\u0d33), aux. V.= auxiliary Verb (f.i. \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15), as\u00a0also by marking its parts (past, 1st and 2nd fut., inf., conditional, adj.\u00a0and adv. participle, VN.=Verbal Noun, etc.).<\/li>\n \t
          2. An undertaking of this magnitude cannot lay claim to any-thing like perfection as regards either completeness or correctness.\u00a0But the writer conceives, that a publication of the kind is a desider-atum in Malabar, and that this attempt at supplying it will be found\u00a0serviceable to the cause of education in that province. Should it\u00a0one day be superseded by a work approaching nearer to the standard\u00a0he has had in view, he hopes that he will be found to have at least\u00a0furnished a stock of valuable materials, that will under all circum-stances render to his successors a not unwelcome assistance in their\u00a0toilsome task, in the same way that he in his has received aid from\u00a0the accumulated labours of his predecessors.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nNOTES BY THE PUBLISHER.\n\n\n\n
            1. The Transliteration, adopted for\u00a0the leading words upon Dr. Lepsius's system,\u00a0is mainly given to assist European students\u00a0of the language, who may feel the need of such\u00a0a help. This system follows the pronunciation\u00a0and is fully explained under the head \"Trans-literation\". Foreign words are usually trans-literated in their original shape.\n\n2. Sanscrit Roots. It is necessary to\u00a0make a few remarks regarding the form of the\u00a0Sanscrit roots and words which are given in this\u00a0Dictionary. In the South of India the Grammar\u00a0of P\u0101\u1e47ini is alone studied, and it is indeed the\u00a0greatest work on Sanscrit Grammar, but roots\u00a0and words are not always given here in the forms\u00a0which a student of P\u0101\u1e47ini would expect. In\u00a0every grammar it is necessary to adopt some\u00a0conventional way of indicating the changes that\u00a0roots and words formed from them undergo, and\u00a0for this purpose there is in P\u0101\u1e47ini's Grammar an\u00a0elaborate apparatus of letters added to roots, and\u00a0which are called anubandha, and even letters\u00a0which form part of the root itself are arbitrarily\u00a0changed. So we find in the Dh\u0101tu-p\u0101\u1e6dha\u00a0(or list of roots) \u0161\u1e6dh\u0101 for sth\u0101, and h\u1e5b\u1e45 for\u00a0h\u1e5b. The Grammars of Vopad\u0113va, \u0161\u0101ka-\u1e6d\u0101yana etc. have a totally different set of such\u00a0letters, Philologists in Europe have found that\u00a0it is an improvement to change the Indian sys-tem in some respects, and the authors of the St.Petersburg Dictionary * of Sanscrit, which is by\u00a0far the best and most complete, have adopted this\u00a0view. Philologists have come to the conclusion\u00a0that the vowels \u1e5b, \u1e5d and \u1e37i are not primitive, so<\/td>\nin this Dictionary Dr. Gundert generally gives\u00a0words according to this view as adopted\u00a0by the authors of the St. Petersburg Dictio-nary. The roots which end in the above vowels\u00a0will here be found ending in r, e.g. d \u1e5b is given\u00a0as dar; d h \u1e5b as dhar; h \u1e5b as har. So also\u00a0the numerous nouns signifying an agent which\u00a0end in \u1e5b would here be given as ending in ar;\u00a0e.g. kart\u1e5b as kartar. So also diphthongs\u00a0which terminate roots in the dh\u0101tup\u0101\u1e6dha are\u00a0considered as secondary, and thus instead of\u00a0gai we find g\u0101; and s\u0101 instead of s\u014d. Natives\u00a0of India who consult Dr. Gundert's work must\u00a0not be led away by the idea that the only\u00a0right or possible ways of representing Sans-crit roots and words are those which Indian\u00a0Grammarians have found convenient. A little\u00a0experience will convince them that the contrary\u00a0is the case.\n\n3. The Dravidian element in\u00a0Sanscrit. A number of words apparently of\u00a0Sanscrit origin have, on closer examination, turn-ed out to be merely sanscritized Dravidian\u00a0words. The author of this Dictionary, in a\u00a0German paper on this subject, has pointed out*\u00a0many such words e.g. k\u0113y\u016bram, putra\u1e45,\u00a0marka\u1e0dam, vira\u1e37am, etc. Their reception\u00a0and especially that of putta\u0264am into Sans-crit may, as the author observed, be considered\u00a0a strong proof of a once flourishing literary\u00a0period in the Deccan, whenever that time may\u00a0have been.\u2014Sometimes the words or roots of\u00a0both languages coincide, without however justi-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \n\n\n\n
            * Sanscrit W\u014frterbuch von B\u014fhtlingk & Roth.<\/td>\n* See also an article by the Rev. F. Kittel in the\u00a0Indian Antiquary, August 1872. p. 235.\n\nB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nNOTES BY THE PUBLISHER.\n\n\n\n
            fying the prima facie conclusion that the one\u00a0has borrowed from the other. Further, words\u00a0commonly taken as Dravidian, will be found to\u00a0have been imported; doubts regarding the origin\u00a0of others are still entertained. The study and\u00a0comparison of the Dravidian tongues, though at\u00a0present carried on by a very few only, will, it is\u00a0hoped, result in throwing more light on this in-teresting subject.\n\n4. In the arrangement of the Al-phabet a slight but rational deviation, affecting\u00a0the sequence of 2 letters, has been found necessary,\u00a0viz: a) \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37, being a compound letter (= \u0d15+\u0d37)\u00a0and consequently akin to \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30 etc., has been plac-ed under and at the end of \u0d15. \u2013b) \u0d31 follows\u00a0half r (1), which partakes of the \u0d30 & \u0d31 sounds,\u00a0comp. \u0d35\u0d47\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15, \u0d35\u0d47\u0d4e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15, \u0d35\u0d47\u0d31\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15.\n\n5. The long vowels \u0113 (\u0d47) and \u014d (\u0d47-\u0d3e)\u00a0have been used consistently throughout the\u00a0Dictionary in order to put an end to doubt and\u00a0vagueness. Their general introduction into\u00a0writing and printing is highly desirable.\n\n6. Regarding the doubling of con-sonants in Malay\u0101\u1e37am composition, some diffi-culties were experienced.\n\na) In Malay\u0101\u1e37am Compound Nouns, as a rule,\u00a0the consonant is doubled after the long\u00a0vowels \u0101, \u012b, \u016b, \u0113, ei, palatal a, i, full u,\u00a0the final consonants r, l, \u1e37,\u1e3b , after m dropped\u00a0in Mal. or Sanscr, Nouns (\u0d2e\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41 M.,\u00a0\u0d2d\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f S. and M.). It occurs often\u00a0after short pure a, seldom after \u1ee5, fluctuates\u00a0with i, e.g. \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d41 and \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d41 (\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7e, \u0d2c\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41 S. and M.) even\u00a0after dropped m, e.g. \u0d05\u0d15\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7c, is often\u00a0optional after final consonants, e.g. \u0d24\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f, \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7e\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f etc., not observed in\u00a0\u0d15\u0d48\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d4e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 etc.\n\nb) In Compounds of Nouns and verbs, e.g.\u00a0\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15, \u0d15\u0d48\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d34\u0d41\u0d15, reduplication\u00a0is not required; it may however occur after\u00a0Accusatives; with some adverbial participles<\/td>\nas e.g. \u0d24\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41, \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3f etc.\u00a0it cannot be spared.\n\nc) In Compounds of Verbs with Verbs redu-plication is necessary after the Infinitive, e.g.\u00a0\u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 and the past tense in i, e.g.\u00a0\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f etc. In the case of \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f the\u00a0metre decides it, e.g. p. 127 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02, p. 153 \u0d0a\u0d34\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (=\u0d2f\u0d4d. \u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d1a) etc.\u00a0These rules and their exceptions, as set forth\u00a0by the author of this Dictionary in his Malay\u0101-\u1e37am Grammar (see Sandhi \u00a7 87, Sam\u0101sar\u016bpam\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7 162 - 169) and sanctioned by the language,\u00a0have, in all doubtful cases, been the guides of\u00a0the readers of the proofs who are acquainted\u00a0with North & South Malay\u0101\u1e37am.\n\n7. A complete list of Abbreviations of\u00a0grammatical and technical terms, works of re-ference, etc. is given separately. Besides these\u00a0recourse has been had to 4 modes of shortening\u00a0words in quotations, viz:\n\na) A fullstop after the first syllable implies\u00a0the whole word which, in this case, is not\u00a0affected by affixes, Sandhi, etc., e.g. \u0d2c\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d4b.(\u0d36\u0d02), \u0d28.(\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41)\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c, \u0d36.(\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f)\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24, \u0d35\u0d3e.(\u0d2f\u0d41)\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46, \u0d35.(\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d41)\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7b,\u00a0\u0d35\u0d3f.(\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41)\u0d02, \u0d35\u0d3f.(\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41)\u0d1f\u0d2f, \u0d35.(\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15)\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 etc.\n\nb) An apostrophe (') after the first syllable\u00a0points to the omission of one or more letters\u00a0in the body of the word, e.g. \u0d2e\u0d4b'(\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37)\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46, \u0d2e\u0d4b'(\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37)\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e, \u0d05'(\u0d2d\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d38)\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d35\u0d3f'\u00a0(\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3f)\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d7b, \u0d35\u0d40'(\u0d33\u0d41)\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d7b, \u0d35\u0d47'(\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d41)\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d35\u0d3f'(\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d48\u0d15)\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d25\u0d7b etc.\n\nc) The dash(\u2014) marks the omission of either\u00a0the first member of a compound, e.g. \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3f: \u2013\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d30\u0d41 = \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d30\u0d41, or of the last\u00a0one, e.g. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32: \u0d26\u0d47\u0d35 \u2013 = \u0d26\u0d47\u0d35\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32 etc.\n\nd) A dash (\u2014), hyphen (-) or ellipsis (...)\u00a0in a quotation shows that a word or words\u00a0have been omitted.\n\n8. The vir\u0101ma (\u02d8) indicates:\n\na) That the consonant over which it is plac-ed is to be pronounced without any vowel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nNOTES BY THE PUBLISHER.\n\n\n\n
            after it, e.g., \u0d15\u0d40\u0d34\u0d4d, \u0d36\u0d41\u0d2d\u0d4d. It is used also\u00a0to indicate an arbitrary division of words\u00a0in a sentence which would otherwise be\u00a0written continuously, e.g. \u0d24\u0d30\u0d33\u0d02 p. 432 \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d48\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u00a0reads: \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d48\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f. This is done for the convenience, of\u00a0the reader.\n\nb) To show the real and accurate pronun-ciation of the half u as \u1ee5. It is used\u00a0also where by the ordinary orthography\u00a0this is improperly written as a, e.g. where\u00a0\u0d05\u0d35\u0d4e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 instead of \u0d05\u0d35\u0d4e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41 is found, we write\u00a0\u0d05\u0d35\u0d4e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d.\n\n9. The mark of quotation (\u201c \u201d) either\u00a0points to a literal meaning, \u0192.i. p. 991 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d21\u0d02 \"bather', or to a word received into Eng-lish, \u0192.i. \"godown\u201d fr. \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41 etc.\n\n10. The different species of animals, plants\u00a0etc. which come under the same genus in Mala-y\u0101\u1e37am are mostly to be found under the leading\u00a0word, see \u0192. i. II, \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7b, \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d15, \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d3f, \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f, \u0d35\u0d38\u0d42\u0d30\u0d3f, etc. some of these for linguistic or other\u00a0reasons may appear under the qualifying word\u00a0which forms the first member of the compound, \u0192.i.\u00a0\u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a.\n\nParts of plants etc. are enumerated under\u00a0their respective leading words, see \u0192. i. \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d34, \u0d24\u0d41\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 etc., and are besides to be found separately.\n\nCertain Compounds, which are not to be\u00a0found under the \u0192irst word, should be looked for\u00a0under the second, \u0192.i. \u0d38\u0d42\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d1f\u0d3f is to be\u00a0found under \u0d2e\u0d46\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d1f\u0d3f, \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d30\u0d02\u0d17\u0d02 under \u0d05\u0d30\u0d02\u0d17\u0d02, \u0d09\u0d2a\u0d35\u0d40\u0d24\u0d02 under \u0d35\u0d40\u0d24\u0d02 etc.\u2014Moreover\u00a0less common Sanscrit words compounded with\u00a0one or more prefixes may be found under the\u00a0simpler words: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d02 under \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d02 under \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d02, \u0d38\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d02 under\u00a0\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d02, \u0d38\u0d41\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7b under \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7b, etc.<\/td>\nAgain regarding a number of Sanscrit compounds,\u00a0\u0192.i. \u0d35\u0d3f\u2013\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d02, \u0d35\u0d3f\u2013\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u2013\u0d32\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d02 etc. additional in-formation may be gathered by referring to the\u00a0simple word.\n\n11. It need scarcely be said that, in seeking\u00a0for certain compounds under their leading words,\u00a0care must be taken to find out the proper\u00a0one, \u0192.i. whether \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d32 belongs to \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d41, \u0d2e\u0d28, or \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d02, \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d46\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 to \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 or \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33, \u0d06\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d7b to \u0d06\u0d1f\u0d41 or \u0d06\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 etc.\n\nIn fact every leading article should be read\u00a0through whenever the Dictionary is consulted.\u00a0By doing this the student will soon be able to find\u00a0each word in its appointed place, \u0192.i. V.N.\u0d35\u0d46\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u00a0and CV. \u0d35\u0d46\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 under \u0d35\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15, the v. a \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 and \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 under \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15 and \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15,\u00a0\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 under \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31 etc., the v. n. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 under\u00a0\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d02, \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15, under \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31 etc. Matter, which\u00a0may be omitted in the alphabetical list subjoined\u00a0to leaders will be found under their definition.\u00a0This way of using the Dictionary recommends\u00a0itself also on other grounds.\n\nHints thrown out here and there in the\u00a0Dictionary are intended to foster a spirit of\u00a0enquiry.\n\n12. The Appendix furnishes supple-mentary matter in alphabetical order.\n\nThough the Publisher as well as the Editor,\u00a0the Rev. E. Diez, Palghaut, and their respective\u00a0native assistants have spared no pains to\u00a0render the book as correct as possible, yet on\u00a0account of the complicated nature of the work,\u00a0the typographical difficulties, the distance of the\u00a0Editor from the Press, and the delay in obtaining\u00a0information from the author, now in Germany,\u00a0on doubtful points, a number of errors have\u00a0crept into the print, which have also been noticed\u00a0in the Appendix, for the most part from notes\u00a0furnished by the author.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nTRANSLITERATION\n\nfollowing Lepsius's Standard Alphabet, 2nd Edition 1863, 2nd postscript.\n\na Vowels. (\u00a7 \u00a7 10-85)1)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            \u0d05<\/td>\na<\/td>\nas a in about<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d0e<\/td>\ne<\/td>\n<\/td>\nas ea in head<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0d06<\/td>\n\u1ea5<\/td>\n\u201e a \u201e far<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d0f<\/td>\n\u0113<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u201e ea \u201eswear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0d07<\/td>\ni<\/td>\n\u201e i \u201e pin<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d10<\/td>\nei,ai<\/td>\nM.<\/td>\nas ei in height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0d5f<\/td>\n\u012b<\/td>\n\u201e i \u201e police<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\nai,ei<\/td>\ns.<\/td>\nas ai in kaiser<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0d09<\/td>\nu 2) \u201e u \u201e full<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d12<\/td>\no<\/td>\n<\/td>\nas o in collect<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0d0a<\/td>\n\u016b<\/td>\n\u201e u \u201e rule<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d13<\/td>\n\u014d<\/td>\n\u201e o \u201evote<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0d0b<\/td>\n\u1e5b<\/td>\nvocalized r<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d14<\/td>\nau<\/td>\n\u201e ou \u201e house<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0d60<\/td>\n\u1e5d<\/td>\ndo. \u1e5d<\/td>\nlengthened<\/td>\n\u0d05\u0d02<\/td>\na\u1e43<\/td>\n\u201e um \u201e fulcrum<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0d0c<\/td>\n\u1e37i<\/td>\nvocalized l<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d05\u0d03<\/td>\na\u1e25,a\u0d03<\/td>\nvocalized h<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0d61<\/td>\n\u1e37\u012b<\/td>\ndo. l<\/td>\nlengthened<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
              \n \t
            1. Consonants. (\u00a7 \u00a7 36\u201368)<\/li>\n \t
            2. a. Initial.3)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              \u0d15<\/td>\nka<\/td>\nas ka in kalendar<\/td>\n\u0d27<\/td>\ndha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d16<\/td>\nkha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d28<\/td>\nna<\/td>\nthe true dental na<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d17<\/td>\nga<\/td>\nas ga in gallon<\/td>\n\u0d2a<\/td>\npa<\/td>\nas pa in parental<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d18<\/td>\ngha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d2b<\/td>\npha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d19<\/td>\n\u1e45a<\/td>\nas \u00f1g in singing<\/td>\n\u0d2c<\/td>\nba<\/td>\nas ba in balloon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d1a<\/td>\n\u010da<\/td>\nas cha in chapter<\/td>\n\u0d2d<\/td>\nbha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d1b<\/td>\n\u010dha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d2e<\/td>\nma<\/td>\nas ma in maternal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d1c<\/td>\n\u0135a<\/td>\nas ja in Japan<\/td>\n\u0d2f<\/td>\nya<\/td>\nas ya in yahoo (German j)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d1d<\/td>\n\u0135h<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d30<\/td>\nra<\/td>\na palatal r<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d1e<\/td>\n\u1e45a<\/td>\nas nya in banyan<\/td>\n\u0d31<\/td>\n\u0155a<\/td>\na cerebral r (German r)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d1f<\/td>\n\u1e6da<\/td>\nthe cerebral ta<\/td>\n\u0d32<\/td>\nla<\/td>\nas la in laborious<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d20<\/td>\n\u1e6dha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d35<\/td>\nva<\/td>\n\u201e va in variety (soft English v)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d21<\/td>\n\u1e0da<\/td>\nthe cerebral da<\/td>\n\u0d36<\/td>\n\u0161a<\/td>\na palatal sh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d22<\/td>\n\u1e0dha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d37<\/td>\n\u0161a<\/td>\na cerebral sh (English sh)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d23<\/td>\n\u1e47a<\/td>\nthe cerebral na<\/td>\n\u0d38<\/td>\nsa<\/td>\nas sa in salute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d24<\/td>\nta<\/td>\nthe true dental ta<\/td>\n\u0d39<\/td>\nha<\/td>\n\u201e ha in harangue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d25<\/td>\ntha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d33<\/td>\n\u1e37a<\/td>\na cerebral l<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0d26<\/td>\nda<\/td>\nthe true dental da<\/td>\n\u0d34<\/td>\n\u1e3ba<\/td>\na cerebro\u2013palatal l<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n1) The \u00a7\u00a7 refer to Dr. Gundert's large Malay\u0101\u1e37am Grammar, Mangalore 1868.\n\n2) [\u1ee5 marks final half u in most Dravidian words, many foreign words & Tadbhavas (difft, is\u00a0e.g. \u0d38\u0d38\u0d41) \u00a7 17].\n\n3) See the remarks on each letter. c \u2014 e refer chiefly to the 5 Vargas \u0d15 \u0d1a \u0d1f \u0d24 \u0d2a; the\u00a06th Varga (\u0d31) is treated farther on, From a \u2014 e \u0d15 \u0d1a \u0d1f\u0d24 \u0d2a are pronounced as surd explosives.\n\nTRANSLITERATION.\n
                \n \t
              1. Final.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                \u0d7f k<\/td>\n\u0d7a \u1e47<\/td>\n\u0d7b \u0144<\/td>\n\u0d2e\u0d4d= \u0d02 m<\/td>\n\u0d55 y<\/td>\n\u0d7c r<\/td>\n\u0d7d l<\/td>\n\u0d7e \u1e37<\/td>\n\u0d34\u0d4d \u1e37 1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nc.Followed by a Consonant.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24 kta<\/td>\n\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d35 kva<\/td>\n\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 k\u0161a<\/td>\n\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d28 gna<\/td>\n\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d27 gdha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d2f \u010dya<\/td>\n\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30 \u010d\u010dhra<\/td>\n\u0d1b\u0d4d\u0d36 \u010d\u010dha<\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1e j\u1e45a<\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1d jjha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25 ttha<\/td>\n\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d4d\u0d2f tthya<\/td>\n\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d28 tna<\/td>\n\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27 ddha<\/td>\n\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d28 dhna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d24 pta<\/td>\n\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d32 pla<\/td>\n\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d26 bda<\/td>\n\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30 bra<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2c lba<\/td>\n\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0161\u010da<\/td>\n\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15 ska<\/td>\n\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d15 \u0161ka etc<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \n\n\n\n
                [\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 yka<\/td>\n\u0d7e\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 \u1e37ka<\/td>\n\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 \u1e37\u0d15<\/td>\n(\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15 y\u0264<\/td>\n\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d15 l\u0264a<\/td>\n\u0d7e\u0d4d\u0d15 l\u0264a<\/td>\n\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d15 \u1e3b\u0264a.]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                  \n \t
                1. Doubled.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  2) \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 kka<\/td>\n\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19 \u1e45\u1e45a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u010d\u010da<\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1c jja<\/td>\n\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e \u1e45\u1e45a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u1e6d\u1e6da<\/td>\n\u0d21\u0d4d\u0d21 \u1e0d\u1e0da<\/td>\n\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23 \u1e47\u1e47a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 tta<\/td>\n\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26 dda<\/td>\n\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 nna & \u0144\u0144a 3)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a ppa<\/td>\n\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d2c bba<\/td>\n\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e mma<\/td>\netc. 4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                    \n \t
                  1. Following r (1). 5)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n
                    \u0d4e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 rka<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d17 rga<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a r\u010da<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1c r\u0135a<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23 r\u1e47a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0d4e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 rta<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26 rda<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 rna<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a rpa<\/td>\n\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d2c rba<\/td>\netc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                      \n \t
                    1. Combined with Nasals. ( \u00a7 \u00a7 83, 84) 6)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15 \u1e45ga<\/td>\n(\u0d02\u0d16 \u1e45kha<\/td>\n\u0d02\u0d17 \u1e45\u0121a<\/td>\n\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a \u1e45\u0135<\/td>\n(\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1b \u1e45\u010bha)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1c \u1e45\u0135<\/td>\n\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f \u1e47\u1e0da<\/td>\n\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d21 \u1e47\u1e0da<\/td>\n\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 nda<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26 n\u010fa<\/td>\n\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a mba<\/td>\n\u0d7b\u0d2a \u0144ba<\/td>\n\u0d02\u0d2c m\u1e03a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                        \n \t
                      1. Between 2 Vowels. (\u00a7 \u00a7 36-48) 7)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        ka \u0264a<\/td>\n\u0d17 \u0121a<\/td>\n\u0d1a \u0135a (\u0161a)<\/td>\n\u0d1c \u0135a<\/td>\n\u0d1f \u1e0da<\/td>\n\u0d21 \u1e0da<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d24 \u1e0ba<\/td>\n\u0d26 \u010fa<\/td>\n\u0d2a ba<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d2c \u1e03a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0d15\u0d43 \u0264r<\/td>\n\u0d17\u0d43 \u0121r<\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d43 \u0135r<\/td>\n\u0d24\u0d43 \u01a1\u1e5b<\/td>\n\u0d26\u0d43 \u1e0b\u1e5b<\/td>\n\u0d2a\u0d43 b\u1e5b<\/td>\n\u0d2c\u0d43 \u1e03\u1e5b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n2) Where \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15, \u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a, \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a have originated from euphony (\u00a7 87), they are represented as single\u00a0letters, f.i. \u0d1a\u0d35\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d \u010dava-k\u0101y; (different is \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02 etc.).\n\n3) For the difference of nna & \u0144\u0144a see farther on.\n\n4) Final \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d41 (\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d) is often rendered s.\n\n5) These under the influence of r, are pronounced somewhat harder than initials, yet the single\u00a0consonant suffices for transcription. (Comp. Sanscr. \u0d05\u0d4e\u0d15etc.; exceptions e.g. \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d4e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15 etc.).\n\n6) \u0d15 \u0d1a \u0d1f \u0d24 \u0d2a are pronounced here as sonant explosives &:\n\n7) As fricatives. About the Dravidian n (\u0d7b) see foll. b.\n\nTRANSLITERATION.\n
                          \n \t
                        1. Peculiarities.<\/li>\n \t
                        2. \u0d7d, besides expressing final l, serves also for Sanscrit \u0d24\u0d4d t, which in Malay\u0101-\u1e37am is pronounced l, f.i. in \u0d09\u0d7d, \u0d24\u0d7d, \u0d2e\u0d7d etc.; \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2d\u0d41\u0d24\u0d02, \u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02, \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7d\u0d2a\u0d4e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02,\u00a0\u0d1a\u0d2e\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02, \u0d17\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d17\u0d26\u0d02, etc. (These are in Sanscrit \u010damat-k\u00e4ra, gadga\u010fa, etc.).<\/li>\n \t
                        3. \u0d28 & \u0d7b. The Malay\u0101\u1e37am has two different n, viz: the true dental \u0d28 (4th\u00a0Varga) and the Dravidian (dento-gingival) \u0d7b (6th Varga, page 523). The distinct\u00a0pronunciation of both is still in use, but not nowadays, (as is the case with the Tamil),\u00a0the consistent writing of the characters representing it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThe dental \u0d28(n) occurring as initial and combining with the Dentals (nd, nth, n\u010f,\u00a0ndh) is unmarked; but dental \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 (originating from \u0d7b+\u0d31, see 523, & \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24) is marked\u00a0by a grave accent (\u0144\u0144), Both have dental pronunciation. 1)\n\nThe Dravidian \u0d7b(\u0144), besides being final (\u0144), combines with \u0d31 in \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0144\u010f\u0113 (Gen.\u00a0Sing), sometimes with \u0d2a in \u0d7b\u0d2a (also written \u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a) \u0144ba, with \u0d2e in (Plur.) \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c\u00a0\u0144m\u0101r (=\u0d7b\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c), or it results from the phonetic change of \u0d7d(\u0d32\u0d4d & \u0d24\u0d4d) before \u0d2e 523,\u00a0and, in contradistinction to n combining with Dentals, this n is marked by a grave\u00a0accent and pronounced dento-gingivally.\n\nAs this \u0d7b preponderates between vowels it has been left unmarked in transcrip-tion; all such n & nn (without the grave accent) point therefore to \u0d7b, \u0d7b\u0d7b and\u00a0are pronounced accordingly. 2)\n
                            \n \t
                          1. \u0d31 (6th Varga) has three different pronunciations.3)<\/li>\n \t
                          2. \u0d31 doubled (\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31) is marked \u0165\u0165a (resembling tt in utter),<\/li>\n \t
                          3. combined with \u0d7b (\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31) is marked \u0144\u010fa (resembling nd in binder),<\/li>\n \t
                          4. initial and medial \u0d31 is marked \u0155.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n2) So Dat. & Acc, of \u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d15 \u00a7 113 ff.\n\n3) \"The pronunciation of the letter \u0d31\" in \u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31 & \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31 \"contains so little of the r-sound, that\u00a0-- \"we now prefer, with Dr. Gundert, to give to these new sounds a new diacritical sign, preserving\u00a0\u201cthe necessary basis of t & d, and to write \u1e97 & \u010f.\u201d (Lepsius, 318), \u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31 has semi-dental, \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31 dento-\u00a0gingival pronunciation.\n\nABBREVIATIONS.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                            ab.<\/td>\nabove.<\/td>\nBhadrD.\u00a0Bh.D<\/td>\nBhadra D\u012bpam, or Bhadra D\u012bpa-prati\u0161\u1e6da.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Abl.<\/td>\nAblative (case).<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            abr.<\/td>\nabridged. [lute manner.<\/td>\nBhg.<\/td>\nBh\u0101gavatam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            abs.<\/td>\nthe case absolute, or in an abso-<\/td>\nBhg V.<\/td>\nBh\u0101gavata Vy\u0101khy\u0101nam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            abstr.N.<\/td>\nabstract Noun.<\/td>\nBhr.<\/td>\nMah\u0101bh\u0101ratam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            aC.<\/td>\nancient Canarese.<\/td>\nBR.(BalR.)<\/td>\nB\u0101la R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            acc.<\/td>\naccording to<\/td>\nBrhm P.<\/td>\nBrahm\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da Pur\u0101\u1e47am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Acc<\/td>\nAccusative (case).<\/td>\nBuch.<\/td>\nBuchanan J\u00a0: a journey through\u00a0Mysore, etc. London 1807, 3 Vol.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            A. D.<\/td>\nAnno Domini (the Christian era).<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            adj.<\/td>\nadjective.<\/td>\nC.<\/td>\nCanarese (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            adj.P.<\/td>\ndo. Participle.<\/td>\nc.<\/td>\ncase.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            adv., advl.<\/td>\nadverb, adverbial<\/td>\nCal.<\/td>\nCalicut.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            adv. P.<\/td>\nadverbial Participle.<\/td>\nCal. KU.<\/td>\nCalicut K\u0113ra\u1e37a Utpatti.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Adw.<\/td>\nAdwaitam.<\/td>\nCan.<\/td>\nCannanore.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Adw. S.<\/td>\nAdwaita Shatakam.<\/td>\nCar\u1e47\u0101m\u1e5b.<\/td>\nK\u0157\u0161\u1e47a-, or R\u0101ma-Kar\u1e47\u0101m\u1e5btam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            AK.<\/td>\ngn\u0101na Ku\u1e6dh\u0101ram. (Cottayam).<\/td>\nCart V.<\/td>\nK\u0101rtav\u012bry\u0101rjuna Katha.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            al.<\/td>\nalias, otherwise, elsewhere.<\/td>\nCatR.<\/td>\nCatechismus romanus, Rome.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            a M.<\/td>\nancient Malay\u0101\u1e37am.<\/td>\ncaus<\/td>\ncausal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Amara S. (K.)<\/td>\nAmara Simham (K\u014d\u0161am).<\/td>\nCC., (CCh.)<\/td>\nC\u1e5b\u0161\u1e47a Charitam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            a med.<\/td>\nancient Medical Treatises in prose.<\/td>\ncfr.<\/td>\nconfer = compare.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Anach.<\/td>\nAn\u0101charam<\/td>\nCG.<\/td>\nC\u1e5b\u012d\u1e47a G\u0101tha.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Anj.<\/td>\nAnja\u1e0d\u0456 (poem).<\/td>\nChe\u1e59.<\/td>\nCh\u0113\u1e59a-n\u0101\u1e0d\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            a N. pr.<\/td>\nNomen proprium, a proper name.<\/td>\nChin.<\/td>\nChinese (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            \u0410\u0440\u0440.<\/td>\nAppendix.<\/td>\n\u010ahintar.<\/td>\nChint\u0101-ratnam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            AR.<\/td>\nAdhy\u0101tma R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47am.<\/td>\nChint. R. (ChR)<\/td>\nChint\u0101mani Ratnam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Ar.<\/td>\nArabic (tongue). [yam 1851.<\/td>\nChir. doc.<\/td>\nChiracal documents.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Arb.<\/td>\nArbuthnot A. J., Selections. Cotta-<\/td>\nChrist.<\/td>\nChristian.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Arch.<\/td>\nArchitecture.<\/td>\nChS.<\/td>\nChalana Sh\u0101stram.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            arith.<\/td>\narithmetic, arithmetical.<\/td>\nChVr.<\/td>\nChaturda\u0161a v\u0157ttam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Asht.<\/td>\nA\u0161\u1e6d\u0101nga H\u1e5bdayam.<\/td>\nCoch KM.<\/td>\nCochi K\u00ebra\u1e37a M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            astrol.<\/td>\nastrology.<\/td>\nCo. KN.<\/td>\nC\u014dlattiri K\u0113ra\u1e37a N\u0101\u1e6dakam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            astr(on.).<\/td>\nastronomy.<\/td>\nCol.<\/td>\nC\u014dla-n\u0101\u1e0d\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            aT.<\/td>\nancient Tamil.<\/td>\ncoll. T.<\/td>\ncolloquial Tamil.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            auxV.<\/td>\nauxiliary verb.<\/td>\ncom.<\/td>\ncommonly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            B.<\/td>\nBailey B.: Mal.-Engl. Dict. 1846.\u00a0(& Scripture Transl.).<\/td>\ncomp.<\/td>\ncompare, comparison.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            <\/td>\n<\/td>\nCompr.<\/td>\nComparative.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            bef.<\/td>\nbefore.<\/td>\nCond.<\/td>\nConditional.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            bel.<\/td>\nbelow.<\/td>\ncontr.<\/td>\ncontracted.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Beng.<\/td>\nBengali (tongue).<\/td>\ncorr.<\/td>\ncorrupted, corruption.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nXVI ABBREVIATIONS.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                            correl<\/td>\ncorrelative.<\/td>\nfr.<\/td>\nfrom.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            \u0421\u0440ds.<\/td>\nCompounds.<\/td>\nfreq V.<\/td>\nfrequentative Verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            CrArj.<\/td>\nC\u1e5b\u0161\u1e47\u0101rjuna Yuddham.<\/td>\nfut.<\/td>\nfuture tense.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Cr\u0420.<\/td>\nC\u1e5b\u0161i P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5 (about agriculture).<\/td>\nG.<\/td>\nGreek (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            CS.<\/td>\nKa\u1e47acku S\u0101ram.<\/td>\nGan.<\/td>\nGanita sh\u0101stram.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Cur.<\/td>\nCurian G.: an Essay on the Mal.\u00a0Syr. Church etc., Cottayam 1872.<\/td>\nGe.<\/td>\nGerman (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            <\/td>\n<\/td>\ngen.<\/td>\ngenerally.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            CV.<\/td>\nCausal Verb. (Madras 1863.<\/td>\nGen.<\/td>\nGenitive (case).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            D.<\/td>\nDay F, the Land of the Perumals,<\/td>\nGenov.<\/td>\nGenovefa (Rom. Cath. poem).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Dalkh.<\/td>\nDakh\u0101ni (tongue).<\/td>\nGer.<\/td>\nGerund (gram.).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Dat.<\/td>\nDative (case).<\/td>\nGnP.<\/td>\nGn\u0101na-p\u0101na.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            def V.<\/td>\ndefective Verb.<\/td>\nG\u014d\u1e47\u1e0d<\/td>\n(a Dravidian language).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            den V.<\/td>\ndenominative Verb.<\/td>\nGovt.<\/td>\nGovernment.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            der.<\/td>\nderivative.<\/td>\nGP.<\/td>\nGu\u1e47a-p\u0101\u1e6dham, Cottayam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            desid.<\/td>\ndesiderative (verb etc.)<\/td>\ngram.(m).<\/td>\ngrammar, grammatical term.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            dict.<\/td>\ndictionary.<\/td>\nH.<\/td>\nHindust\u0101ni (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            difft.<\/td>\ndifferent.<\/td>\nHeb.<\/td>\nHebrew (tongue). [pany.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            dim.<\/td>\ndiminutive (noun).<\/td>\nH. C.<\/td>\nThe Honorable East India Com-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            distr.<\/td>\ndistributive.<\/td>\nHNK. (\u041d\u041a.)<\/td>\nHarin\u0101ma K\u012brtanam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            DM.<\/td>\nD\u0113vi M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nhon.<\/td>\nhonorary, honorific.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            DN.<\/td>\nDamayant\u012b N\u0101\u1e6dakam.<\/td>\nHor. (HV.)<\/td>\nH\u014dr\u0101 Vy\u0101khy\u0101nam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            doc.<\/td>\ndocument, documental.<\/td>\nHung.<\/td>\nHungarian (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Drav.<\/td>\nDravidian.<\/td>\nhuntg.<\/td>\nhunting.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            E.<\/td>\nEnglish; East (region).<\/td>\nHyd.<\/td>\nHyder Ali.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            EM.<\/td>\n\u0112k\u0101da\u015di M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nid.<\/td>\nidem = the same.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            emph.<\/td>\nemphatic, emphatically.<\/td>\ni. e.<\/td>\nid est=that is.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            EP.<\/td>\nEli P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5 (about cats & rats).<\/td>\nimit.<\/td>\nimitative (sound).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            epist<\/td>\nepistolary (style).<\/td>\nimp. (impe\u1e5bs.)<\/td>\nimpersonal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            E\u1e59.<\/td>\nE\u1e59a-n\u0101\u1e0d\u1ee5.<\/td>\nImper.<\/td>\nImperative.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            esp.<\/td>\nespecially.<\/td>\nindef.<\/td>\nindefinite.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Esthn.<\/td>\nEsthonian (tongue).<\/td>\nInf.<\/td>\nInfinitive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            euph<\/td>\neuphemistic.<\/td>\nInterj.<\/td>\nInterjection.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Eur<\/td>\nEurope, European.<\/td>\nins\u0441r.<\/td>\ninscription.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            ex<\/td>\nexample.<\/td>\nInstr.<\/td>\nInstrumental (case).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            expl.<\/td>\nan expletive or expletively.<\/td>\nIntens.<\/td>\nIntensive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            f.<\/td>\nfeminine gender.<\/td>\ninter.<\/td>\ninterrogative.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            f. i.<\/td>\nfor instance.<\/td>\nintr.<\/td>\nintransitive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            fig<\/td>\nfiguratively.<\/td>\ni. q.<\/td>\nid quod=the same as.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Finn.<\/td>\nFinnic (languages).<\/td>\nJ.<\/td>\nJerdon C.T.: the Birds of India\u00a0Calcutta 1862, 2 Vol.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            foll.<\/td>\nfollowing.<\/td>\nJew. Doc.<\/td>\nJewish Documents.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Fr.<\/td>\nFrench (tongue).<\/td>\njud.<\/td>\njudicial papers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nABBREVIATIONS. XVII\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                            Ka\u1e0d.<\/td>\nKa\u1e0dattuwa-n\u0101\u1e0d\u1ee5.<\/td>\nNom.<\/td>\nNominative (case).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            KeiN.<\/td>\nKeivalya Navan\u012btam.<\/td>\nNS.<\/td>\nNy\u0101ya Sh\u0101stram.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            KM.<\/td>\nK\u0113ral\u1e37a M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nobj.<\/td>\nobjective.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            KN.<\/td>\nK\u0113ra\u1e37a N\u0101\u1e6dakam [ki's R\u0101m.).<\/td>\nobl.<\/td>\noblique case.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            KR.<\/td>\nK\u0113ra\u1e37a Varma R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47am(V\u0101lm\u012b-<\/td>\nobs.<\/td>\nobsolete.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            KU.<\/td>\nK\u0113ra\u1e37a Utpatti.<\/td>\nobsc.<\/td>\nobscene.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            KumK<\/td>\nKum\u0101r\u0101hara\u1e47a Katha.<\/td>\nOnap.<\/td>\n\u014c\u1e47a P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            L.<\/td>\nLatin (tongue)<\/td>\nOnamat.<\/td>\nOnamatop\u0153ia (limitation of sound).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            lit.<\/td>\nliterally.<\/td>\nopp.<\/td>\nopposite.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            loc.<\/td>\nLocative (case).<\/td>\nP.<\/td>\nPersian (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            LPS.<\/td>\nLaxm\u012b P\u0101rvat\u012b Samw\u0101dam.<\/td>\nPalg.<\/td>\nPalghaut (district).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            M.<\/td>\nMalay\u0101\u1e37am (tongue).<\/td>\nPalg. exh.<\/td>\ndo. exhibition 1867.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            m.<\/td>\nmasculine gender.<\/td>\npart.<\/td>\nparticiple.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Mahr.<\/td>\nMahrathi (tongue).<\/td>\npass.<\/td>\npassive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Mal.<\/td>\nMalabar (country).<\/td>\nPat R.<\/td>\nP\u0101t\u0101\u1e37a R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Malap.<\/td>\nMalapu\u1e59am (place).<\/td>\nPay.<\/td>\nPayan\u016br P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Malay.<\/td>\nMalayan (tongue).<\/td>\nphil<\/td>\nphilosophy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Mantr.<\/td>\nA collection of Mantrams.<\/td>\npl.<\/td>\nplural (number).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            math.<\/td>\nmathematics.<\/td>\npleon.<\/td>\npleonastic.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            MC.<\/td>\nM\u1e5bga Charitam (Cottayam).<\/td>\nPlin.<\/td>\nPliny.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            med.<\/td>\nmedical, medicinal<\/td>\npo.<\/td>\npoetic usage.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            met.<\/td>\nmetaphorically.<\/td>\nPort.<\/td>\nPortugueso (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            milit.<\/td>\nmilitary. [mams.<\/td>\npos.<\/td>\npositive (opp. negative; degree).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            MM.<\/td>\nMarmama\u1e47y, old treatise on Mar-<\/td>\np.p.<\/td>\nparticiple of the perfect passive (S.).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            mod.<\/td>\nmodern. [Day.)<\/td>\nPP.<\/td>\nPuttan P\u0101na, Cottayam 1844.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Mo. Pra.<\/td>\nM\u014dxad\u0101yaka Prakara\u1e47am. (Mox.<\/td>\nPR.<\/td>\nPra\u1e61na R\u012bti.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Mpl. (Mapl.)<\/td>\nMappi\u1e37\u1e37\u0101s, Malabar Mohammedans.<\/td>\nPrC.<\/td>\nPrahl\u0101da Charitam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            MP. (Matsy.).<\/td>\nMatsya Pur\u0101\u1e47am. (1856.)<\/td>\nprec.<\/td>\npreceding.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            MR.<\/td>\nCollect Ch., Malay\u0101\u1e37am Reader.<\/td>\nprep.<\/td>\npreposition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Ms., MSS.<\/td>\nManuscript, Manuscripts. [tram).<\/td>\npres<\/td>\npresent tense.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Mud.<\/td>\nMudrar\u0101xasam (Ch\u0101\u1e47akya S\u016b-<\/td>\nprh.<\/td>\nperhaps.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            myth.<\/td>\nmythology, mythological.<\/td>\nprob.<\/td>\nprobably.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Nal.<\/td>\nNa\u1e37a Charitam.<\/td>\npron.<\/td>\npronoun.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Nasr.<\/td>\nNasr\u0101\u1e47is.<\/td>\nprov.<\/td>\nproverbs, proverbial.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            N.<\/td>\nName, Noun, North.<\/td>\nPT.<\/td>\nPanchatantram, in 2 versions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            n.<\/td>\nneuter gender; negative.<\/td>\nPtol.<\/td>\nPtolomy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            neg.<\/td>\nnegative.<\/td>\nq.v.<\/td>\nquod vide=which see.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Neg V.<\/td>\nNegative Verb.<\/td>\nRamK.<\/td>\nR\u0101ma Katha.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Nid.<\/td>\nNid\u0101nam, Cottayam.<\/td>\nRC.<\/td>\nR\u0101ma Charitam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            N.N.<\/td>\nName and surname.<\/td>\nRel. Part., Pron.<\/td>\nRelative Participle, Pronoun.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            No., NoM.<\/td>\nNorth, North Malabar.<\/td>\nrev., Rev.<\/td>\nrevenue papers, revenue term.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nXVIII ABBREVIATIONS.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                            Rh.<\/td>\nRheede's hortus malabaricus, 1689.<\/td>\nTR.<\/td>\nTellicherry Records\u00a0(chiefly A.D. 1796-1799).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Rom. Cath.<\/td>\nRoman Catholic.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            RS.<\/td>\nR\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47a Sank\u012brtanam.<\/td>\ntr.<\/td>\ntransitive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            S.<\/td>\nSanscrit; South (region).<\/td>\nTrav.<\/td>\nTravancore (country).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Sah.<\/td>\nSahad\u0113va V\u0101kyam.<\/td>\nTrP.<\/td>\nTiruwanantapura Panch\u0101ngam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Sah.M.<\/td>\nSahya M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Sancr.<\/td>\nSankr\u0101nti M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nTu.<\/td>\nTu\u1e37u (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Sank. Ach.<\/td>\nShankara \u0100ch\u0101rya's history(prose).<\/td>\nTurk.<\/td>\nTurkish (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Scr.<\/td>\nScriptural (Bible).<\/td>\nUmV.<\/td>\nUm\u0113\u0161\u0101na v\u1e5bttam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            SG.<\/td>\nSant\u0101na G\u014dp\u0101lam (2 versions).<\/td>\nUR.<\/td>\nUttara R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            ShV.<\/td>\nShabari V\u0101kyam. [etc.).<\/td>\nv.<\/td>\nverb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            sic<\/td>\n=thus (so met with in Granthams<\/td>\nv. a.<\/td>\nactive verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            SidD.<\/td>\nSiddh\u0101nta D\u012bpika.<\/td>\nv. i.<\/td>\nintransitive verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Sil.<\/td>\nSh\u012blavati P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5. [ prefixes.<\/td>\nv. int.<\/td>\nintensive verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            simpl.<\/td>\nsimple, i.e. verbor Noun without<\/td>\nv. iter.<\/td>\niterative verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            sing.<\/td>\nsingular (number).<\/td>\nv.n.<\/td>\nneuter verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Si Pu. (SP.)<\/td>\nShiva Pur\u0101\u1e47am.<\/td>\nV. part.<\/td>\nVerbal participle.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            SiR.<\/td>\nShiva-r\u0101tri M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nv. t.<\/td>\ntransitive verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Sit Vij.<\/td>\nS\u012bt\u0101 Vijayam.<\/td>\nV.<\/td>\nverapoly dictionaries.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Sit V\u1e5btt.<\/td>\nS\u012bt\u0101 V\u1e5bttam.<\/td>\nV1.<\/td>\nthe 1st part, Mal. & Port.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Sk.<\/td>\nSk\u0101ndam pur\u0101\u1e47am.<\/td>\nV2.<\/td>\nthe 2nd part, port. & Mal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Soc.<\/td>\nSocial (case).<\/td>\nVCh.<\/td>\nVeir\u0101gya chandr\u014ddayam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            So. Can.<\/td>\nSouth Canara.<\/td>\nVed.<\/td>\nthe Vedic language.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            So. & So M.<\/td>\nSouth, South Malabar.<\/td>\nVed (t). D.<\/td>\nV\u0113d\u0101nta Dar\u0161anam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Som.<\/td>\nS\u014dmav\u0101ra-P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5.<\/td>\nVednt.<\/td>\nV\u0113d\u0101nta treatise.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Som. Mah.<\/td>\nS\u014dmav\u0101ra M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nVetc. (VC.)<\/td>\nV\u0113t\u0101\u1e37a Charitam. [ers).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            SSh.<\/td>\nShil\u0101t\u0101mra Sh\u0101sana\u1e45gal.<\/td>\nVeY.<\/td>\nV\u0113\u1e0d\u0101yuddham (a poem about hunt-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Stuti<\/td>\ndifferent Stutis of Gods.<\/td>\nVilvp.<\/td>\nVilva Pur\u0101\u1e47am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Such. Mah.<\/td>\nShuch\u012bndra M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nVivR.<\/td>\nViv\u0101da Ratn\u0101karam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Superl.<\/td>\nSuperlative.<\/td>\nVN.<\/td>\nVerbal Noun.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            superst.<\/td>\nsuperstition.<\/td>\nVoc<\/td>\nVocative (case).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Sr., Swarg.<\/td>\nseveral Swarg\u0101r\u014dha\u1e47am.<\/td>\nvu.<\/td>\nvulgar.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Swarg Kaly.<\/td>\nSwarg\u0101r\u014dh\u1e47a Kaly\u0101\u1e47am.<\/td>\nVyM.<\/td>\nVy\u0101vah\u0101ra M\u0101la.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Syr.<\/td>\nSyrian (tongue).<\/td>\nVyP.<\/td>\nVy\u0101kara\u1e47a Prav\u0113\u0161am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            T.<\/td>\nTamil (tongue).<\/td>\nW.<\/td>\nWilson's Vocabulary of Indian\u00a0terms; West (region).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            t.<\/td>\ntense.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Talip.<\/td>\nTa\u1e37ipa\u1e59ambu (district).<\/td>\nWinsl.<\/td>\nWinslow. Tam.-Engl. Dict. (1862).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Tantr.<\/td>\nTantra-sangraham.<\/td>\n5.<\/td>\nthe five Dravidian languages: Ta-mil, Telugu, \u010aanarese, Tu\u1e37u and\u00a0Malay\u0101\u1e37am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Tatw.<\/td>\nTattwa-gn\u0101nam.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Tdbh.<\/td>\nTadbhavam.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Te.<\/td>\nT\u1eb9lugu (tongue).<\/td>\n4.<\/td>\nfour of id. (with the exception\u00a0of the one given).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Tell.<\/td>\nTellicherry (district).<\/td>\n\u221a<\/td>\nRoot.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            temp.<\/td>\ntemporal.<\/td>\n- l -<\/td>\nrepetition of the preceding word.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            Ti.<\/td>\nT\u012bppu Katha.<\/td>\nNumbers after words refer to the pages of the\u00a0Dictionary.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                            TP.<\/td>\nTach\u014d\u1e37i P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nA\u00a0MALAYALAM AND ENGLISH\u00a0DICTIONARY.","rendered":"

                            The materials for this work have been collected during more\u00a0than twenty-five years’ study of the language. The words have been\u00a0taken from all available sources, from the lips of speakers of all ranks,\u00a0castes and occupations, from the letters and records of many different\u00a0districts, and from the writers in prose and poetry of every age. A\u00a0list necessarily imperfect of the literature which has been ransacked\u00a0for contributions, will be subjoined under the head of Abbreviations.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. It has been found difficult to draw the line of demarcation between Malay\u0101lam and Tamil words. These two languages of old differed rather as dialects of the same member of the Dravidian family, than as separate languages; in consequence many Tamil words occur still in local usage (e.g. \u0d05\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d1f in some of its senses) or in time-honored phrases and formulas (e.g. \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d15, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15, \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b), which have long ceased to be used in colloquial speech. A consider-able number of such have been received and marked as a M. (ancient Malay\u0101lam). They cannot be dispensed with, if the Dictionary is to give a true representation of the history of the language. This history commences for us (if we except a few inscriptions on copper and stone) with the R\u0101ma Charitam, in which we probably have the oldest Malay\u0101lam poem still in existence, composed as it was before the intro-duction of the Sanscrit alphabet and deserving of the particular attention of the scholar, as it exhibits the earliest phase of the language, perhaps centuries before the arrival of the Portuguese. For several antiquated words (such as \u0d05\u0d34\u0d41\u0d15, \u0d05\u0d31\u0d02, II. \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f) this poem is the only authority. The bulk of the other great poems, the Bh\u0101ratam, R\u0101m\u0101yanam, and the versions of the Pur\u0101nas were composed within the two\u00a0or three last centuries. As these constitute the popular literature of\u00a0all Malay\u0101lam readers, no Dravidian word found in them has been\u00a0excluded. On the other hand there are many Malay\u0101lam composi-tions of later date, especially such as are current among the V\u0113d\u0101ntists,\u00a0which evidently affect Tamil modes of expression. These have been\u00a0excluded if not supported by other evidence.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                \n
                              1. To determine the amount of Sanscrit words to be received\u00a0into a Malayalam Dictionary has been a task of even greater difficulty.\u00a0As this Dictionary is not intended for the use of Sanscrit students, the\u00a0rule followed in compiling it has been to include only those words\u00a0and meanings that were found in bon\u00e2fide Malay\u0101lam productions; to\u00a0sift and reduce the enormous mass of mythological and botanical names\u00a0and synonyms, many of which are confessedly very doubtful; to record\u00a0merely the principal signification of words confined to poetical usage;\u00a0and to devote particular attention only to those terms which are gene-rally accepted as fairly “domiciled” in Malay\u0101lam and which have\u00a0in the course of naturalization received various applications not to\u00a0be met with in pure Sanscrit (e. g. \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d38\u0d30\u0d02).<\/li>\n
                              2. The idioms and significations peculiar to Southern Kerala or Travancore, have been carefully collected both from the productions of the Cottayam Press, and from the very valuable Dictionaries com-piled by the Portuguese and Italian Missionaries of Verapoli; works which, although completed in 1746, rest upon materials accumulated in the 17th, perhaps even 16th century, and rank as the oldest monu-ment extant of the study of Indian languages by Europeans. (They are marked in the Dictionary V1. & V2.). Still greater care has been bestowed upon the language of Northern Kerala or Malabar proper (with the B\u0113kal Talook of Canara); and explanations of the histori-cal names, castes and dynasties (comp. \u0d05\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7b, \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d42\u0d7c, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d46\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f) and of the institutions, usages and traditions, by which this province differs so singularly from the surrounding countries (see for instance, \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2e, \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2d\u0d35\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d02) have been drawn from every trustworthy source. Amongst the sources for this kind of information I would particularly point out the old Tellicherry Records (TR.) as conveying a mass of instruc-tion in the best prose of the language.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                  \n
                                1. The object being to present a faithful picture of the whole\u00a0Malay\u0101lam tongue, the writer has not felt at liberty to exclude the\u00a0foreign words which have of necessity crept into the language. The\u00a0Arabic, Persian, Hindustani, Portuguese and even English terms,\u00a0which the commerce of centuries and the conquest of foreign creeds\u00a0and arms with new laws and arts have introduced along this coast,\u00a0cannot be proscribed, whatever regret their prevalence may excite\u00a0in the purist. They do not, of course, claim the same minute investi-gation and treatment, which belong to words, whose birthright and\u00a0position in the language are indisputable. (See for Ar. \u0d05\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d40\u0d7c, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d7c, \u0d05\u0d32\u0d41\u0d35; for P. \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d3f; for H. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c,\u00a0\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d7d, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f; for Port. \u0d05\u0d28\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d; for E \u0d05\u0d2b\u0d40\u0d7d).<\/li>\n
                                2. It is for the same reason, that provincialisms and vulgarisms\u00a0have not been rejected, though they are pointed out as such (f.i. \u0d05\u0d02\u0d38\u0d30\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02 under \u0d05\u0d35\u0d38\u0d30\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02). To discard coarse and\u00a0even obscene modes of speech, has not been thought advisable, how-ever much their existence and currency may be regretted. They are\u00a0marked “obsc.”, as was done by the fathers of Verapoli in their day,\u00a0that they may be avoided. Under all these heads (\u00a7 2\u20146) the student\u00a0will of course have room for candid allowance concerning omissions\u00a0and superfluities.<\/li>\n
                                3. The writer has throughout endeavoured to trace the origin of\u00a0each word; and particular attention has been paid to the comparison\u00a0of the cognate Dravidian languages. He has not been successful in\u00a0every instance (e.g. \u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d); sometimes the unimportance of the\u00a0word, as in the case of provincialisms, prevented him from prosecut-ing his search to the end.<\/li>\n
                                4. The arrangement chosen has been, to point out as far as possi-ble the root and origin of each word, to give first its primitive sense and to add the figurative and free senses in a rational order; lastly to illustrate them by examples taken from reliable authorities. The different constructions in which the same word occurs (e.g. \u0d05\u0d32\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15), its various applications (e. g. \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15), allusions to the tra-ditions and superstitions of the people (\u0d05\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f, \u0d05\u0d30\u0d23), standing phrases (\u0d05\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25) and proverbial expressions (\u0d05\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2c\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d36, \u0d05\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d33), these points have been es-pecially considered in selecting the illustrations. The Compounds and Derivatives are arranged under each leading word in alphabetical order, but are not treated at the length that appeared necessary in the case of the parent words.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                    \n
                                  1. The orthography of each word is fixed at the head of the article\u00a0which treats of it, but in the illustrations deviations are allowed, when\u00a0they exhibit a current pronunciation (e.g. \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41), or are\u00a0borne out by the constant usage of some locality or caste (\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d43\u0d24\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d30\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41), or when, as in the case of the numerous Tadbhavams, it is\u00a0caused by the inequalities of the Sanscrit and Dravidian alphabets\u00a0(e.g. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f).<\/li>\n
                                  2. It cannot be expected that the work should be compressed within the same compass as the Rev. Mr. Bailey’s Dictionary. Not that the latter will always be found the more concise of the two. It is one of the chief defects of that, otherwise valuable, work, that it does not discriminate between Malay\u0101lam and Sanscrit terms and leaves the student completely in the dark, both as regards the ety-mology and the proportional importance of words. For it concedes to unknown and useless words (e.g. \u0d05\u0d1c\u0d36\u0d43\u0d02\u0d17\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d43\u0d23\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02) as well as to those that are comparatively unimportant (as \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3f, \u0d1a) more space, than to words of the genuine native stock that occur frequently in idi-oms of daily current use (e.g. (\u0d05\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32). In consequence it will be found, that the Sanscrit part of the present work (see for instance the compounds with \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d2a, \u0d05\u0d2d\u0d3f) occupies less space than was the case in the former Dictionary, and this without any detriment to the subject matter. The progress made in the study of Sanscrit subsequent to the appearance of Dr. Wilson’s Dictionary (on which the Sanscrit portion of Mr. Bailey’s work is based) has enabled the writer to throw new light even on this part of his task. On the other hand he has endeavored to condense the matter present-ed into the shortest possible space. What is obvious has been omitted,\u00a0many secondary words are but slightly noticed and a liberal use has\u00a0been made of abbreviations. By these means it is possible to publish\u00a0the whole work in one portable volume; smaller than Rottler’s Tamil\u00a0or Reeve’s Canarese Dictionary.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                      \n
                                    1. The student may at the beginning be embarassed by some of\u00a0the abbreviations adopted (for instance \u221a for root; + plus as in \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7b,\u00a0which is composed of \u0d05+\u0d05\u0d7b; the figures (2)(3) which point to that\u00a0signification of the parent word from which the derivative is deducible,\u00a0(as \u0d05\u0d15\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d7e (3) to \u0d05\u0d15\u0d02 3., the mind). Also the absence of the\u00a0common signs s., adj. may startle him at first sight. They have been\u00a0deliberately abandoned. What, for instance, is the use of calling (\u0d05\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d02 an adj., which indeed it is in Sanscrit, when the example subjoined\u00a0\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e shows that in Malay\u0101lam it is used as a noun? Or why\u00a0should \u0d05\u0d15\u0d43\u0d24\u0d02 be called an adj. and \u0d05\u0d15\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 a subst, whilst in S.\u00a0both are equally adjectives and in Malay\u0101lam strictly speaking both\u00a0are nouns, though poetical usage may treat them more or less as\u00a0adjectives. Can the indefinite Numerals, such as \u0d05\u0d28\u0d47\u0d15\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02be called adjectives, or have composition-cases like \u0d05\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47 a claim\u00a0to that name? It seems to be of more moment to show by examples,\u00a0how the words are applied, than to pretend to classify them by the\u00a0utterly incongruous nomenclature of the grammar of European\u00a0languages. Where doubts might arise, the gender, which in most\u00a0cases is recognizable by the termination, will be found marked, as\u00a0\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d32\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d3f m.,\u2014 \u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3f f.; \u0d05\u0d34\u0d15\u0d7b m., \u0d05\u0d34\u0d15\u0d3f f. Butsince Malay\u0101lam\u00a0grammar acknowledges only the distinctions of Nouns, Verbs and In-declinables, the Verb seems to be the only part of speech which re-quires specifying marks. This has been amply done by the abbrevi-ations a. v.=active verb, n. v.= neuter verb, CV.= Causal Verb, den V.=\u00a0denominative Verb, defV.= defective Verb, (for instance \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d41), adj. V.=\u00a0adjectival Verb (as \u0d05\u0d30\u0d41, \u0d07\u0d33), aux. V.= auxiliary Verb (f.i. \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15), as\u00a0also by marking its parts (past, 1st and 2nd fut., inf., conditional, adj.\u00a0and adv. participle, VN.=Verbal Noun, etc.).<\/li>\n
                                    2. An undertaking of this magnitude cannot lay claim to any-thing like perfection as regards either completeness or correctness.\u00a0But the writer conceives, that a publication of the kind is a desider-atum in Malabar, and that this attempt at supplying it will be found\u00a0serviceable to the cause of education in that province. Should it\u00a0one day be superseded by a work approaching nearer to the standard\u00a0he has had in view, he hopes that he will be found to have at least\u00a0furnished a stock of valuable materials, that will under all circum-stances render to his successors a not unwelcome assistance in their\u00a0toilsome task, in the same way that he in his has received aid from\u00a0the accumulated labours of his predecessors.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      NOTES BY THE PUBLISHER.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                      1. The Transliteration, adopted for\u00a0the leading words upon Dr. Lepsius’s system,\u00a0is mainly given to assist European students\u00a0of the language, who may feel the need of such\u00a0a help. This system follows the pronunciation\u00a0and is fully explained under the head “Trans-literation”. Foreign words are usually trans-literated in their original shape.<\/p>\n

                                      2. Sanscrit Roots. It is necessary to\u00a0make a few remarks regarding the form of the\u00a0Sanscrit roots and words which are given in this\u00a0Dictionary. In the South of India the Grammar\u00a0of P\u0101\u1e47ini is alone studied, and it is indeed the\u00a0greatest work on Sanscrit Grammar, but roots\u00a0and words are not always given here in the forms\u00a0which a student of P\u0101\u1e47ini would expect. In\u00a0every grammar it is necessary to adopt some\u00a0conventional way of indicating the changes that\u00a0roots and words formed from them undergo, and\u00a0for this purpose there is in P\u0101\u1e47ini’s Grammar an\u00a0elaborate apparatus of letters added to roots, and\u00a0which are called anubandha, and even letters\u00a0which form part of the root itself are arbitrarily\u00a0changed. So we find in the Dh\u0101tu-p\u0101\u1e6dha\u00a0(or list of roots) \u0161\u1e6dh\u0101 for sth\u0101, and h\u1e5b\u1e45 for\u00a0h\u1e5b. The Grammars of Vopad\u0113va, \u0161\u0101ka-\u1e6d\u0101yana etc. have a totally different set of such\u00a0letters, Philologists in Europe have found that\u00a0it is an improvement to change the Indian sys-tem in some respects, and the authors of the St.Petersburg Dictionary * of Sanscrit, which is by\u00a0far the best and most complete, have adopted this\u00a0view. Philologists have come to the conclusion\u00a0that the vowels \u1e5b, \u1e5d and \u1e37i are not primitive, so<\/td>\n

                                      		in this Dictionary Dr. Gundert generally gives\u00a0words according to this view as adopted\u00a0by the authors of the St. Petersburg Dictio-nary. The roots which end in the above vowels\u00a0will here be found ending in r, e.g. d \u1e5b is given\u00a0as dar; d h \u1e5b as dhar; h \u1e5b as har. So also\u00a0the numerous nouns signifying an agent which\u00a0end in \u1e5b would here be given as ending in ar;\u00a0e.g. kart\u1e5b as kartar. So also diphthongs\u00a0which terminate roots in the dh\u0101tup\u0101\u1e6dha are\u00a0considered as secondary, and thus instead of\u00a0gai we find g\u0101; and s\u0101 instead of s\u014d. Natives\u00a0of India who consult Dr. Gundert’s work must\u00a0not be led away by the idea that the only\u00a0right or possible ways of representing Sans-crit roots and words are those which Indian\u00a0Grammarians have found convenient. A little\u00a0experience will convince them that the contrary\u00a0is the case.<\/p>\n

                                      3. The Dravidian element in\u00a0Sanscrit. A number of words apparently of\u00a0Sanscrit origin have, on closer examination, turn-ed out to be merely sanscritized Dravidian\u00a0words. The author of this Dictionary, in a\u00a0German paper on this subject, has pointed out*\u00a0many such words e.g. k\u0113y\u016bram, putra\u1e45,\u00a0marka\u1e0dam, vira\u1e37am, etc. Their reception\u00a0and especially that of putta\u0264am into Sans-crit may, as the author observed, be considered\u00a0a strong proof of a once flourishing literary\u00a0period in the Deccan, whenever that time may\u00a0have been.\u2014Sometimes the words or roots of\u00a0both languages coincide, without however justi-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                       <\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                      * Sanscrit W\u014frterbuch von B\u014fhtlingk & Roth.<\/td>\n* See also an article by the Rev. F. Kittel in the\u00a0Indian Antiquary, August 1872. p. 235.<\/p>\n

                                      B<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      NOTES BY THE PUBLISHER.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                      fying the prima facie conclusion that the one\u00a0has borrowed from the other. Further, words\u00a0commonly taken as Dravidian, will be found to\u00a0have been imported; doubts regarding the origin\u00a0of others are still entertained. The study and\u00a0comparison of the Dravidian tongues, though at\u00a0present carried on by a very few only, will, it is\u00a0hoped, result in throwing more light on this in-teresting subject.<\/p>\n

                                      4. In the arrangement of the Al-phabet a slight but rational deviation, affecting\u00a0the sequence of 2 letters, has been found necessary,\u00a0viz: a) \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37, being a compound letter (= \u0d15+\u0d37)\u00a0and consequently akin to \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30 etc., has been plac-ed under and at the end of \u0d15. \u2013b) \u0d31 follows\u00a0half r (1), which partakes of the \u0d30 & \u0d31 sounds,\u00a0comp. \u0d35\u0d47\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15, \u0d35\u0d47\u0d4e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15, \u0d35\u0d47\u0d31\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15.<\/p>\n

                                      5. The long vowels \u0113 (\u0d47) and \u014d (\u0d47-\u0d3e)\u00a0have been used consistently throughout the\u00a0Dictionary in order to put an end to doubt and\u00a0vagueness. Their general introduction into\u00a0writing and printing is highly desirable.<\/p>\n

                                      6. Regarding the doubling of con-sonants in Malay\u0101\u1e37am composition, some diffi-culties were experienced.<\/p>\n

                                      a) In Malay\u0101\u1e37am Compound Nouns, as a rule,\u00a0the consonant is doubled after the long\u00a0vowels \u0101, \u012b, \u016b, \u0113, ei, palatal a, i, full u,\u00a0the final consonants r, l, \u1e37,\u1e3b , after m dropped\u00a0in Mal. or Sanscr, Nouns (\u0d2e\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41 M.,\u00a0\u0d2d\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f S. and M.). It occurs often\u00a0after short pure a, seldom after \u1ee5, fluctuates\u00a0with i, e.g. \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d41 and \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d41 (\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7e, \u0d2c\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41 S. and M.) even\u00a0after dropped m, e.g. \u0d05\u0d15\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7c, is often\u00a0optional after final consonants, e.g. \u0d24\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f, \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7e\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3f etc., not observed in\u00a0\u0d15\u0d48\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d4e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 etc.<\/p>\n

                                      b) In Compounds of Nouns and verbs, e.g.\u00a0\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15, \u0d15\u0d48\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d34\u0d41\u0d15, reduplication\u00a0is not required; it may however occur after\u00a0Accusatives; with some adverbial participles<\/td>\n

                                      		as e.g. \u0d24\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41, \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4a\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3f etc.\u00a0it cannot be spared.<\/p>\n

                                      c) In Compounds of Verbs with Verbs redu-plication is necessary after the Infinitive, e.g.\u00a0\u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 and the past tense in i, e.g.\u00a0\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f etc. In the case of \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f the\u00a0metre decides it, e.g. p. 127 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02, p. 153 \u0d0a\u0d34\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 (=\u0d2f\u0d4d. \u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d1a) etc.\u00a0These rules and their exceptions, as set forth\u00a0by the author of this Dictionary in his Malay\u0101-\u1e37am Grammar (see Sandhi \u00a7 87, Sam\u0101sar\u016bpam\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7 162 – 169) and sanctioned by the language,\u00a0have, in all doubtful cases, been the guides of\u00a0the readers of the proofs who are acquainted\u00a0with North & South Malay\u0101\u1e37am.<\/p>\n

                                      7. A complete list of Abbreviations of\u00a0grammatical and technical terms, works of re-ference, etc. is given separately. Besides these\u00a0recourse has been had to 4 modes of shortening\u00a0words in quotations, viz:<\/p>\n

                                      a) A fullstop after the first syllable implies\u00a0the whole word which, in this case, is not\u00a0affected by affixes, Sandhi, etc., e.g. \u0d2c\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d4b.(\u0d36\u0d02), \u0d28.(\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41)\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c, \u0d36.(\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f)\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24, \u0d35\u0d3e.(\u0d2f\u0d41)\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46, \u0d35.(\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d41)\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7b,\u00a0\u0d35\u0d3f.(\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41)\u0d02, \u0d35\u0d3f.(\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41)\u0d1f\u0d2f, \u0d35.(\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15)\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 etc.<\/p>\n

                                      b) An apostrophe (‘) after the first syllable\u00a0points to the omission of one or more letters\u00a0in the body of the word, e.g. \u0d2e\u0d4b'(\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37)\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46, \u0d2e\u0d4b'(\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37)\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e, \u0d05'(\u0d2d\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d38)\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d35\u0d3f’\u00a0(\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3f)\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d7b, \u0d35\u0d40'(\u0d33\u0d41)\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d7b, \u0d35\u0d47'(\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d41)\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32, \u0d35\u0d3f'(\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d48\u0d15)\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d25\u0d7b etc.<\/p>\n

                                      c) The dash(\u2014) marks the omission of either\u00a0the first member of a compound, e.g. \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3f: \u2013\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d30\u0d41 = \u0d2a\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d30\u0d41, or of the last\u00a0one, e.g. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32: \u0d26\u0d47\u0d35 \u2013 = \u0d26\u0d47\u0d35\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d32 etc.<\/p>\n

                                      d) A dash (\u2014), hyphen (-) or ellipsis (…)\u00a0in a quotation shows that a word or words\u00a0have been omitted.<\/p>\n

                                      8. The vir\u0101ma (\u02d8) indicates:<\/p>\n

                                      a) That the consonant over which it is plac-ed is to be pronounced without any vowel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      NOTES BY THE PUBLISHER.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                      after it, e.g., \u0d15\u0d40\u0d34\u0d4d, \u0d36\u0d41\u0d2d\u0d4d. It is used also\u00a0to indicate an arbitrary division of words\u00a0in a sentence which would otherwise be\u00a0written continuously, e.g. \u0d24\u0d30\u0d33\u0d02 p. 432 \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d48\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u00a0reads: \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d48\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f. This is done for the convenience, of\u00a0the reader.<\/p>\n

                                      b) To show the real and accurate pronun-ciation of the half u as \u1ee5. It is used\u00a0also where by the ordinary orthography\u00a0this is improperly written as a, e.g. where\u00a0\u0d05\u0d35\u0d4e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 instead of \u0d05\u0d35\u0d4e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41 is found, we write\u00a0\u0d05\u0d35\u0d4e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d.<\/p>\n

                                      9. The mark of quotation (\u201c \u201d) either\u00a0points to a literal meaning, \u0192.i. p. 991 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d21\u0d02 “bather’, or to a word received into Eng-lish, \u0192.i. “godown\u201d fr. \u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41 etc.<\/p>\n

                                      10. The different species of animals, plants\u00a0etc. which come under the same genus in Mala-y\u0101\u1e37am are mostly to be found under the leading\u00a0word, see \u0192. i. II, \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7b, \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d15, \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d3f, \u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f, \u0d35\u0d38\u0d42\u0d30\u0d3f, etc. some of these for linguistic or other\u00a0reasons may appear under the qualifying word\u00a0which forms the first member of the compound, \u0192.i.\u00a0\u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a.<\/p>\n

                                      Parts of plants etc. are enumerated under\u00a0their respective leading words, see \u0192. i. \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d34, \u0d24\u0d41\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 etc., and are besides to be found separately.<\/p>\n

                                      Certain Compounds, which are not to be\u00a0found under the \u0192irst word, should be looked for\u00a0under the second, \u0192.i. \u0d38\u0d42\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d1f\u0d3f is to be\u00a0found under \u0d2e\u0d46\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d1f\u0d3f, \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d30\u0d02\u0d17\u0d02 under \u0d05\u0d30\u0d02\u0d17\u0d02, \u0d09\u0d2a\u0d35\u0d40\u0d24\u0d02 under \u0d35\u0d40\u0d24\u0d02 etc.\u2014Moreover\u00a0less common Sanscrit words compounded with\u00a0one or more prefixes may be found under the\u00a0simpler words: \u0d05\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d02 under \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d43\u0d24\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d02 under \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d02, \u0d38\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d02 under\u00a0\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d02, \u0d38\u0d41\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7b under \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7b, etc.<\/td>\n

                                      		Again regarding a number of Sanscrit compounds,\u00a0\u0192.i. \u0d35\u0d3f\u2013\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d02, \u0d35\u0d3f\u2013\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u2013\u0d32\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d02 etc. additional in-formation may be gathered by referring to the\u00a0simple word.<\/p>\n

                                      11. It need scarcely be said that, in seeking\u00a0for certain compounds under their leading words,\u00a0care must be taken to find out the proper\u00a0one, \u0192.i. whether \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d32 belongs to \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d41, \u0d2e\u0d28, or \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d02, \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d46\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 to \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d02 or \u0d35\u0d46\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33, \u0d06\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d7b to \u0d06\u0d1f\u0d41 or \u0d06\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41 etc.<\/p>\n

                                      In fact every leading article should be read\u00a0through whenever the Dictionary is consulted.\u00a0By doing this the student will soon be able to find\u00a0each word in its appointed place, \u0192.i. V.N.\u0d35\u0d46\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u00a0and CV. \u0d35\u0d46\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 under \u0d35\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15, the v. a \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 and \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 under \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15 and \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15,\u00a0\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 under \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31 etc., the v. n. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 under\u00a0\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d02, \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15, under \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d31 etc. Matter, which\u00a0may be omitted in the alphabetical list subjoined\u00a0to leaders will be found under their definition.\u00a0This way of using the Dictionary recommends\u00a0itself also on other grounds.<\/p>\n

                                      Hints thrown out here and there in the\u00a0Dictionary are intended to foster a spirit of\u00a0enquiry.<\/p>\n

                                      12. The Appendix furnishes supple-mentary matter in alphabetical order.<\/p>\n

                                      Though the Publisher as well as the Editor,\u00a0the Rev. E. Diez, Palghaut, and their respective\u00a0native assistants have spared no pains to\u00a0render the book as correct as possible, yet on\u00a0account of the complicated nature of the work,\u00a0the typographical difficulties, the distance of the\u00a0Editor from the Press, and the delay in obtaining\u00a0information from the author, now in Germany,\u00a0on doubtful points, a number of errors have\u00a0crept into the print, which have also been noticed\u00a0in the Appendix, for the most part from notes\u00a0furnished by the author.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      TRANSLITERATION<\/p>\n

                                      following Lepsius’s Standard Alphabet, 2nd Edition 1863, 2nd postscript.<\/p>\n

                                      a Vowels. (\u00a7 \u00a7 10-85)1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                      \u0d05<\/td>\na<\/td>\nas a in about<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d0e<\/td>\ne<\/td>\n<\/td>\nas ea in head<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      \u0d06<\/td>\n\u1ea5<\/td>\n\u201e a \u201e far<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d0f<\/td>\n\u0113<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u201e ea \u201eswear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      \u0d07<\/td>\ni<\/td>\n\u201e i \u201e pin<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d10<\/td>\nei,ai<\/td>\nM.<\/td>\nas ei in height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      \u0d5f<\/td>\n\u012b<\/td>\n\u201e i \u201e police<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\nai,ei<\/td>\ns.<\/td>\nas ai in kaiser<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      \u0d09<\/td>\nu 2) \u201e u \u201e full<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d12<\/td>\no<\/td>\n<\/td>\nas o in collect<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      \u0d0a<\/td>\n\u016b<\/td>\n\u201e u \u201e rule<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d13<\/td>\n\u014d<\/td>\n\u201e o \u201evote<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      \u0d0b<\/td>\n\u1e5b<\/td>\nvocalized r<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d14<\/td>\nau<\/td>\n\u201e ou \u201e house<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      \u0d60<\/td>\n\u1e5d<\/td>\ndo. \u1e5d<\/td>\nlengthened<\/td>\n\u0d05\u0d02<\/td>\na\u1e43<\/td>\n\u201e um \u201e fulcrum<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      \u0d0c<\/td>\n\u1e37i<\/td>\nvocalized l<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d05\u0d03<\/td>\na\u1e25,a\u0d03<\/td>\nvocalized h<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      \u0d61<\/td>\n\u1e37\u012b<\/td>\ndo. l<\/td>\nlengthened<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                                        \n
                                      1. Consonants. (\u00a7 \u00a7 36\u201368)<\/li>\n
                                      2. a. Initial.3)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                        \u0d15<\/td>\nka<\/td>\nas ka in kalendar<\/td>\n\u0d27<\/td>\ndha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d16<\/td>\nkha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d28<\/td>\nna<\/td>\nthe true dental na<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d17<\/td>\nga<\/td>\nas ga in gallon<\/td>\n\u0d2a<\/td>\npa<\/td>\nas pa in parental<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d18<\/td>\ngha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d2b<\/td>\npha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d19<\/td>\n\u1e45a<\/td>\nas \u00f1g in singing<\/td>\n\u0d2c<\/td>\nba<\/td>\nas ba in balloon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d1a<\/td>\n\u010da<\/td>\nas cha in chapter<\/td>\n\u0d2d<\/td>\nbha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d1b<\/td>\n\u010dha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d2e<\/td>\nma<\/td>\nas ma in maternal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d1c<\/td>\n\u0135a<\/td>\nas ja in Japan<\/td>\n\u0d2f<\/td>\nya<\/td>\nas ya in yahoo (German j)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d1d<\/td>\n\u0135h<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d30<\/td>\nra<\/td>\na palatal r<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d1e<\/td>\n\u1e45a<\/td>\nas nya in banyan<\/td>\n\u0d31<\/td>\n\u0155a<\/td>\na cerebral r (German r)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d1f<\/td>\n\u1e6da<\/td>\nthe cerebral ta<\/td>\n\u0d32<\/td>\nla<\/td>\nas la in laborious<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d20<\/td>\n\u1e6dha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d35<\/td>\nva<\/td>\n\u201e va in variety (soft English v)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d21<\/td>\n\u1e0da<\/td>\nthe cerebral da<\/td>\n\u0d36<\/td>\n\u0161a<\/td>\na palatal sh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d22<\/td>\n\u1e0dha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d37<\/td>\n\u0161a<\/td>\na cerebral sh (English sh)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d23<\/td>\n\u1e47a<\/td>\nthe cerebral na<\/td>\n\u0d38<\/td>\nsa<\/td>\nas sa in salute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d24<\/td>\nta<\/td>\nthe true dental ta<\/td>\n\u0d39<\/td>\nha<\/td>\n\u201e ha in harangue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d25<\/td>\ntha<\/td>\nthe same aspirated<\/td>\n\u0d33<\/td>\n\u1e37a<\/td>\na cerebral l<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        \u0d26<\/td>\nda<\/td>\nthe true dental da<\/td>\n\u0d34<\/td>\n\u1e3ba<\/td>\na cerebro\u2013palatal l<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                        1) The \u00a7\u00a7 refer to Dr. Gundert’s large Malay\u0101\u1e37am Grammar, Mangalore 1868.<\/p>\n

                                        2) [\u1ee5 marks final half u in most Dravidian words, many foreign words & Tadbhavas (difft, is\u00a0e.g. \u0d38\u0d38\u0d41) \u00a7 17].<\/p>\n

                                        3) See the remarks on each letter. c \u2014 e refer chiefly to the 5 Vargas \u0d15 \u0d1a \u0d1f \u0d24 \u0d2a; the\u00a06th Varga (\u0d31) is treated farther on, From a \u2014 e \u0d15 \u0d1a \u0d1f\u0d24 \u0d2a are pronounced as surd explosives.<\/p>\n

                                        TRANSLITERATION.<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. Final.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                                          \u0d7f k<\/td>\n\u0d7a \u1e47<\/td>\n\u0d7b \u0144<\/td>\n\u0d2e\u0d4d= \u0d02 m<\/td>\n\u0d55 y<\/td>\n\u0d7c r<\/td>\n\u0d7d l<\/td>\n\u0d7e \u1e37<\/td>\n\u0d34\u0d4d \u1e37 1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                          c.Followed by a Consonant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                          \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24 kta<\/td>\n\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d35 kva<\/td>\n\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 k\u0161a<\/td>\n\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d28 gna<\/td>\n\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d27 gdha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d2f \u010dya<\/td>\n\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30 \u010d\u010dhra<\/td>\n\u0d1b\u0d4d\u0d36 \u010d\u010dha<\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1e j\u1e45a<\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1d jjha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25 ttha<\/td>\n\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d4d\u0d2f tthya<\/td>\n\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d28 tna<\/td>\n\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27 ddha<\/td>\n\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d28 dhna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d24 pta<\/td>\n\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d32 pla<\/td>\n\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d26 bda<\/td>\n\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d30 bra<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          \u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2c lba<\/td>\n\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0161\u010da<\/td>\n\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15 ska<\/td>\n\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d15 \u0161ka etc<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                           <\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                          [\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 yka<\/td>\n\u0d7e\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 \u1e37ka<\/td>\n\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 \u1e37\u0d15<\/td>\n(\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15 y\u0264<\/td>\n\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d15 l\u0264a<\/td>\n\u0d7e\u0d4d\u0d15 l\u0264a<\/td>\n\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d15 \u1e3b\u0264a.]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                                            \n
                                          1. Doubled.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                            2) \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 kka<\/td>\n\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19 \u1e45\u1e45a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u010d\u010da<\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1c jja<\/td>\n\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e \u1e45\u1e45a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u1e6d\u1e6da<\/td>\n\u0d21\u0d4d\u0d21 \u1e0d\u1e0da<\/td>\n\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23 \u1e47\u1e47a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 tta<\/td>\n\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26 dda<\/td>\n\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 nna & \u0144\u0144a 3)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a ppa<\/td>\n\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d2c bba<\/td>\n\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e mma<\/td>\netc. 4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                                              \n
                                            1. Following r (1). 5)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n
                                              \u0d4e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 rka<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d17 rga<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a r\u010da<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1c r\u0135a<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23 r\u1e47a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              \u0d4e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 rta<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26 rda<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 rna<\/td>\n\u0d4e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a rpa<\/td>\n\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d2c rba<\/td>\netc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                                                \n
                                              1. Combined with Nasals. ( \u00a7 \u00a7 83, 84) 6)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                \u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15 \u1e45ga<\/td>\n(\u0d02\u0d16 \u1e45kha<\/td>\n\u0d02\u0d17 \u1e45\u0121a<\/td>\n\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a \u1e45\u0135<\/td>\n(\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1b \u1e45\u010bha)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1c \u1e45\u0135<\/td>\n\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f \u1e47\u1e0da<\/td>\n\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d21 \u1e47\u1e0da<\/td>\n\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24 nda<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26 n\u010fa<\/td>\n\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a mba<\/td>\n\u0d7b\u0d2a \u0144ba<\/td>\n\u0d02\u0d2c m\u1e03a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                                                  \n
                                                1. Between 2 Vowels. (\u00a7 \u00a7 36-48) 7)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                  ka \u0264a<\/td>\n\u0d17 \u0121a<\/td>\n\u0d1a \u0135a (\u0161a)<\/td>\n\u0d1c \u0135a<\/td>\n\u0d1f \u1e0da<\/td>\n\u0d21 \u1e0da<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0d24 \u1e0ba<\/td>\n\u0d26 \u010fa<\/td>\n\u0d2a ba<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0d2c \u1e03a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0d15\u0d43 \u0264r<\/td>\n\u0d17\u0d43 \u0121r<\/td>\n\u0d1c\u0d43 \u0135r<\/td>\n\u0d24\u0d43 \u01a1\u1e5b<\/td>\n\u0d26\u0d43 \u1e0b\u1e5b<\/td>\n\u0d2a\u0d43 b\u1e5b<\/td>\n\u0d2c\u0d43 \u1e03\u1e5b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                  2) Where \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15, \u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a, \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a have originated from euphony (\u00a7 87), they are represented as single\u00a0letters, f.i. \u0d1a\u0d35\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4d \u010dava-k\u0101y; (different is \u0d05\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02 etc.).<\/p>\n

                                                  3) For the difference of nna & \u0144\u0144a see farther on.<\/p>\n

                                                  4) Final \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d41 (\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d) is often rendered s.<\/p>\n

                                                  5) These under the influence of r, are pronounced somewhat harder than initials, yet the single\u00a0consonant suffices for transcription. (Comp. Sanscr. \u0d05\u0d4e\u0d15etc.; exceptions e.g. \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d4e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15 etc.).<\/p>\n

                                                  6) \u0d15 \u0d1a \u0d1f \u0d24 \u0d2a are pronounced here as sonant explosives &:<\/p>\n

                                                  7) As fricatives. About the Dravidian n (\u0d7b) see foll. b.<\/p>\n

                                                  TRANSLITERATION.<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  1. Peculiarities.<\/li>\n
                                                  2. \u0d7d, besides expressing final l, serves also for Sanscrit \u0d24\u0d4d t, which in Malay\u0101-\u1e37am is pronounced l, f.i. in \u0d09\u0d7d, \u0d24\u0d7d, \u0d2e\u0d7d etc.; \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2d\u0d41\u0d24\u0d02, \u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02, \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7d\u0d2a\u0d4e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02,\u00a0\u0d1a\u0d2e\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02, \u0d17\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d17\u0d26\u0d02, etc. (These are in Sanscrit \u010damat-k\u00e4ra, gadga\u010fa, etc.).<\/li>\n
                                                  3. \u0d28 & \u0d7b. The Malay\u0101\u1e37am has two different n, viz: the true dental \u0d28 (4th\u00a0Varga) and the Dravidian (dento-gingival) \u0d7b (6th Varga, page 523). The distinct\u00a0pronunciation of both is still in use, but not nowadays, (as is the case with the Tamil),\u00a0the consistent writing of the characters representing it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                    The dental \u0d28(n) occurring as initial and combining with the Dentals (nd, nth, n\u010f,\u00a0ndh) is unmarked; but dental \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 (originating from \u0d7b+\u0d31, see 523, & \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24) is marked\u00a0by a grave accent (\u0144\u0144), Both have dental pronunciation. 1)<\/p>\n

                                                    The Dravidian \u0d7b(\u0144), besides being final (\u0144), combines with \u0d31 in \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0144\u010f\u0113 (Gen.\u00a0Sing), sometimes with \u0d2a in \u0d7b\u0d2a (also written \u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a) \u0144ba, with \u0d2e in (Plur.) \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c\u00a0\u0144m\u0101r (=\u0d7b\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c), or it results from the phonetic change of \u0d7d(\u0d32\u0d4d & \u0d24\u0d4d) before \u0d2e 523,\u00a0and, in contradistinction to n combining with Dentals, this n is marked by a grave\u00a0accent and pronounced dento-gingivally.<\/p>\n

                                                    As this \u0d7b preponderates between vowels it has been left unmarked in transcrip-tion; all such n & nn (without the grave accent) point therefore to \u0d7b, \u0d7b\u0d7b and\u00a0are pronounced accordingly. 2)<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    1. \u0d31 (6th Varga) has three different pronunciations.3)<\/li>\n
                                                    2. \u0d31 doubled (\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31) is marked \u0165\u0165a (resembling tt in utter),<\/li>\n
                                                    3. combined with \u0d7b (\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31) is marked \u0144\u010fa (resembling nd in binder),<\/li>\n
                                                    4. initial and medial \u0d31 is marked \u0155.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                      2) So Dat. & Acc, of \u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d15 \u00a7 113 ff.<\/p>\n

                                                      3) “The pronunciation of the letter \u0d31” in \u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31 & \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31 “contains so little of the r-sound, that\u00a0— “we now prefer, with Dr. Gundert, to give to these new sounds a new diacritical sign, preserving\u00a0\u201cthe necessary basis of t & d, and to write \u1e97 & \u010f.\u201d (Lepsius, 318), \u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31 has semi-dental, \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31 dento-\u00a0gingival pronunciation.<\/p>\n

                                                      ABBREVIATIONS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                      ab.<\/td>\nabove.<\/td>\nBhadrD.\u00a0Bh.D<\/td>\nBhadra D\u012bpam, or Bhadra D\u012bpa-prati\u0161\u1e6da.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Abl.<\/td>\nAblative (case).<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      abr.<\/td>\nabridged. [lute manner.<\/td>\nBhg.<\/td>\nBh\u0101gavatam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      abs.<\/td>\nthe case absolute, or in an abso-<\/td>\nBhg V.<\/td>\nBh\u0101gavata Vy\u0101khy\u0101nam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      abstr.N.<\/td>\nabstract Noun.<\/td>\nBhr.<\/td>\nMah\u0101bh\u0101ratam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      aC.<\/td>\nancient Canarese.<\/td>\nBR.(BalR.)<\/td>\nB\u0101la R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      acc.<\/td>\naccording to<\/td>\nBrhm P.<\/td>\nBrahm\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da Pur\u0101\u1e47am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Acc<\/td>\nAccusative (case).<\/td>\nBuch.<\/td>\nBuchanan J\u00a0: a journey through\u00a0Mysore, etc. London 1807, 3 Vol.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      A. D.<\/td>\nAnno Domini (the Christian era).<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      adj.<\/td>\nadjective.<\/td>\nC.<\/td>\nCanarese (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      adj.P.<\/td>\ndo. Participle.<\/td>\nc.<\/td>\ncase.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      adv., advl.<\/td>\nadverb, adverbial<\/td>\nCal.<\/td>\nCalicut.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      adv. P.<\/td>\nadverbial Participle.<\/td>\nCal. KU.<\/td>\nCalicut K\u0113ra\u1e37a Utpatti.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Adw.<\/td>\nAdwaitam.<\/td>\nCan.<\/td>\nCannanore.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Adw. S.<\/td>\nAdwaita Shatakam.<\/td>\nCar\u1e47\u0101m\u1e5b.<\/td>\nK\u0157\u0161\u1e47a-, or R\u0101ma-Kar\u1e47\u0101m\u1e5btam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      AK.<\/td>\ngn\u0101na Ku\u1e6dh\u0101ram. (Cottayam).<\/td>\nCart V.<\/td>\nK\u0101rtav\u012bry\u0101rjuna Katha.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      al.<\/td>\nalias, otherwise, elsewhere.<\/td>\nCatR.<\/td>\nCatechismus romanus, Rome.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      a M.<\/td>\nancient Malay\u0101\u1e37am.<\/td>\ncaus<\/td>\ncausal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Amara S. (K.)<\/td>\nAmara Simham (K\u014d\u0161am).<\/td>\nCC., (CCh.)<\/td>\nC\u1e5b\u0161\u1e47a Charitam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      a med.<\/td>\nancient Medical Treatises in prose.<\/td>\ncfr.<\/td>\nconfer = compare.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Anach.<\/td>\nAn\u0101charam<\/td>\nCG.<\/td>\nC\u1e5b\u012d\u1e47a G\u0101tha.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Anj.<\/td>\nAnja\u1e0d\u0456 (poem).<\/td>\nChe\u1e59.<\/td>\nCh\u0113\u1e59a-n\u0101\u1e0d\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      a N. pr.<\/td>\nNomen proprium, a proper name.<\/td>\nChin.<\/td>\nChinese (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0410\u0440\u0440.<\/td>\nAppendix.<\/td>\n\u010ahintar.<\/td>\nChint\u0101-ratnam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      AR.<\/td>\nAdhy\u0101tma R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47am.<\/td>\nChint. R. (ChR)<\/td>\nChint\u0101mani Ratnam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Ar.<\/td>\nArabic (tongue). [yam 1851.<\/td>\nChir. doc.<\/td>\nChiracal documents.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Arb.<\/td>\nArbuthnot A. J., Selections. Cotta-<\/td>\nChrist.<\/td>\nChristian.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Arch.<\/td>\nArchitecture.<\/td>\nChS.<\/td>\nChalana Sh\u0101stram.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      arith.<\/td>\narithmetic, arithmetical.<\/td>\nChVr.<\/td>\nChaturda\u0161a v\u0157ttam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Asht.<\/td>\nA\u0161\u1e6d\u0101nga H\u1e5bdayam.<\/td>\nCoch KM.<\/td>\nCochi K\u00ebra\u1e37a M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      astrol.<\/td>\nastrology.<\/td>\nCo. KN.<\/td>\nC\u014dlattiri K\u0113ra\u1e37a N\u0101\u1e6dakam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      astr(on.).<\/td>\nastronomy.<\/td>\nCol.<\/td>\nC\u014dla-n\u0101\u1e0d\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      aT.<\/td>\nancient Tamil.<\/td>\ncoll. T.<\/td>\ncolloquial Tamil.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      auxV.<\/td>\nauxiliary verb.<\/td>\ncom.<\/td>\ncommonly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      B.<\/td>\nBailey B.: Mal.-Engl. Dict. 1846.\u00a0(& Scripture Transl.).<\/td>\ncomp.<\/td>\ncompare, comparison.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      <\/td>\n<\/td>\nCompr.<\/td>\nComparative.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      bef.<\/td>\nbefore.<\/td>\nCond.<\/td>\nConditional.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      bel.<\/td>\nbelow.<\/td>\ncontr.<\/td>\ncontracted.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Beng.<\/td>\nBengali (tongue).<\/td>\ncorr.<\/td>\ncorrupted, corruption.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                      XVI ABBREVIATIONS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                      correl<\/td>\ncorrelative.<\/td>\nfr.<\/td>\nfrom.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      \u0421\u0440ds.<\/td>\nCompounds.<\/td>\nfreq V.<\/td>\nfrequentative Verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      CrArj.<\/td>\nC\u1e5b\u0161\u1e47\u0101rjuna Yuddham.<\/td>\nfut.<\/td>\nfuture tense.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Cr\u0420.<\/td>\nC\u1e5b\u0161i P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5 (about agriculture).<\/td>\nG.<\/td>\nGreek (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      CS.<\/td>\nKa\u1e47acku S\u0101ram.<\/td>\nGan.<\/td>\nGanita sh\u0101stram.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Cur.<\/td>\nCurian G.: an Essay on the Mal.\u00a0Syr. Church etc., Cottayam 1872.<\/td>\nGe.<\/td>\nGerman (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      <\/td>\n<\/td>\ngen.<\/td>\ngenerally.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      CV.<\/td>\nCausal Verb. (Madras 1863.<\/td>\nGen.<\/td>\nGenitive (case).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      D.<\/td>\nDay F, the Land of the Perumals,<\/td>\nGenov.<\/td>\nGenovefa (Rom. Cath. poem).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Dalkh.<\/td>\nDakh\u0101ni (tongue).<\/td>\nGer.<\/td>\nGerund (gram.).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Dat.<\/td>\nDative (case).<\/td>\nGnP.<\/td>\nGn\u0101na-p\u0101na.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      def V.<\/td>\ndefective Verb.<\/td>\nG\u014d\u1e47\u1e0d<\/td>\n(a Dravidian language).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      den V.<\/td>\ndenominative Verb.<\/td>\nGovt.<\/td>\nGovernment.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      der.<\/td>\nderivative.<\/td>\nGP.<\/td>\nGu\u1e47a-p\u0101\u1e6dham, Cottayam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      desid.<\/td>\ndesiderative (verb etc.)<\/td>\ngram.(m).<\/td>\ngrammar, grammatical term.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      dict.<\/td>\ndictionary.<\/td>\nH.<\/td>\nHindust\u0101ni (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      difft.<\/td>\ndifferent.<\/td>\nHeb.<\/td>\nHebrew (tongue). [pany.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      dim.<\/td>\ndiminutive (noun).<\/td>\nH. C.<\/td>\nThe Honorable East India Com-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      distr.<\/td>\ndistributive.<\/td>\nHNK. (\u041d\u041a.)<\/td>\nHarin\u0101ma K\u012brtanam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      DM.<\/td>\nD\u0113vi M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nhon.<\/td>\nhonorary, honorific.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      DN.<\/td>\nDamayant\u012b N\u0101\u1e6dakam.<\/td>\nHor. (HV.)<\/td>\nH\u014dr\u0101 Vy\u0101khy\u0101nam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      doc.<\/td>\ndocument, documental.<\/td>\nHung.<\/td>\nHungarian (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Drav.<\/td>\nDravidian.<\/td>\nhuntg.<\/td>\nhunting.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      E.<\/td>\nEnglish; East (region).<\/td>\nHyd.<\/td>\nHyder Ali.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      EM.<\/td>\n\u0112k\u0101da\u015di M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nid.<\/td>\nidem = the same.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      emph.<\/td>\nemphatic, emphatically.<\/td>\ni. e.<\/td>\nid est=that is.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      EP.<\/td>\nEli P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5 (about cats & rats).<\/td>\nimit.<\/td>\nimitative (sound).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      epist<\/td>\nepistolary (style).<\/td>\nimp. (impe\u1e5bs.)<\/td>\nimpersonal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      E\u1e59.<\/td>\nE\u1e59a-n\u0101\u1e0d\u1ee5.<\/td>\nImper.<\/td>\nImperative.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      esp.<\/td>\nespecially.<\/td>\nindef.<\/td>\nindefinite.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Esthn.<\/td>\nEsthonian (tongue).<\/td>\nInf.<\/td>\nInfinitive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      euph<\/td>\neuphemistic.<\/td>\nInterj.<\/td>\nInterjection.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Eur<\/td>\nEurope, European.<\/td>\nins\u0441r.<\/td>\ninscription.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      ex<\/td>\nexample.<\/td>\nInstr.<\/td>\nInstrumental (case).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      expl.<\/td>\nan expletive or expletively.<\/td>\nIntens.<\/td>\nIntensive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      f.<\/td>\nfeminine gender.<\/td>\ninter.<\/td>\ninterrogative.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      f. i.<\/td>\nfor instance.<\/td>\nintr.<\/td>\nintransitive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      fig<\/td>\nfiguratively.<\/td>\ni. q.<\/td>\nid quod=the same as.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Finn.<\/td>\nFinnic (languages).<\/td>\nJ.<\/td>\nJerdon C.T.: the Birds of India\u00a0Calcutta 1862, 2 Vol.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      foll.<\/td>\nfollowing.<\/td>\nJew. Doc.<\/td>\nJewish Documents.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Fr.<\/td>\nFrench (tongue).<\/td>\njud.<\/td>\njudicial papers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                      ABBREVIATIONS. XVII<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                      Ka\u1e0d.<\/td>\nKa\u1e0dattuwa-n\u0101\u1e0d\u1ee5.<\/td>\nNom.<\/td>\nNominative (case).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      KeiN.<\/td>\nKeivalya Navan\u012btam.<\/td>\nNS.<\/td>\nNy\u0101ya Sh\u0101stram.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      KM.<\/td>\nK\u0113ral\u1e37a M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nobj.<\/td>\nobjective.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      KN.<\/td>\nK\u0113ra\u1e37a N\u0101\u1e6dakam [ki’s R\u0101m.).<\/td>\nobl.<\/td>\noblique case.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      KR.<\/td>\nK\u0113ra\u1e37a Varma R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47am(V\u0101lm\u012b-<\/td>\nobs.<\/td>\nobsolete.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      KU.<\/td>\nK\u0113ra\u1e37a Utpatti.<\/td>\nobsc.<\/td>\nobscene.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      KumK<\/td>\nKum\u0101r\u0101hara\u1e47a Katha.<\/td>\nOnap.<\/td>\n\u014c\u1e47a P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      L.<\/td>\nLatin (tongue)<\/td>\nOnamat.<\/td>\nOnamatop\u0153ia (limitation of sound).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      lit.<\/td>\nliterally.<\/td>\nopp.<\/td>\nopposite.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      loc.<\/td>\nLocative (case).<\/td>\nP.<\/td>\nPersian (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      LPS.<\/td>\nLaxm\u012b P\u0101rvat\u012b Samw\u0101dam.<\/td>\nPalg.<\/td>\nPalghaut (district).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      M.<\/td>\nMalay\u0101\u1e37am (tongue).<\/td>\nPalg. exh.<\/td>\ndo. exhibition 1867.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      m.<\/td>\nmasculine gender.<\/td>\npart.<\/td>\nparticiple.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Mahr.<\/td>\nMahrathi (tongue).<\/td>\npass.<\/td>\npassive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Mal.<\/td>\nMalabar (country).<\/td>\nPat R.<\/td>\nP\u0101t\u0101\u1e37a R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Malap.<\/td>\nMalapu\u1e59am (place).<\/td>\nPay.<\/td>\nPayan\u016br P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Malay.<\/td>\nMalayan (tongue).<\/td>\nphil<\/td>\nphilosophy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Mantr.<\/td>\nA collection of Mantrams.<\/td>\npl.<\/td>\nplural (number).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      math.<\/td>\nmathematics.<\/td>\npleon.<\/td>\npleonastic.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      MC.<\/td>\nM\u1e5bga Charitam (Cottayam).<\/td>\nPlin.<\/td>\nPliny.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      med.<\/td>\nmedical, medicinal<\/td>\npo.<\/td>\npoetic usage.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      met.<\/td>\nmetaphorically.<\/td>\nPort.<\/td>\nPortugueso (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      milit.<\/td>\nmilitary. [mams.<\/td>\npos.<\/td>\npositive (opp. negative; degree).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      MM.<\/td>\nMarmama\u1e47y, old treatise on Mar-<\/td>\np.p.<\/td>\nparticiple of the perfect passive (S.).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      mod.<\/td>\nmodern. [Day.)<\/td>\nPP.<\/td>\nPuttan P\u0101na, Cottayam 1844.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Mo. Pra.<\/td>\nM\u014dxad\u0101yaka Prakara\u1e47am. (Mox.<\/td>\nPR.<\/td>\nPra\u1e61na R\u012bti.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Mpl. (Mapl.)<\/td>\nMappi\u1e37\u1e37\u0101s, Malabar Mohammedans.<\/td>\nPrC.<\/td>\nPrahl\u0101da Charitam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      MP. (Matsy.).<\/td>\nMatsya Pur\u0101\u1e47am. (1856.)<\/td>\nprec.<\/td>\npreceding.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      MR.<\/td>\nCollect Ch., Malay\u0101\u1e37am Reader.<\/td>\nprep.<\/td>\npreposition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Ms., MSS.<\/td>\nManuscript, Manuscripts. [tram).<\/td>\npres<\/td>\npresent tense.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Mud.<\/td>\nMudrar\u0101xasam (Ch\u0101\u1e47akya S\u016b-<\/td>\nprh.<\/td>\nperhaps.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      myth.<\/td>\nmythology, mythological.<\/td>\nprob.<\/td>\nprobably.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Nal.<\/td>\nNa\u1e37a Charitam.<\/td>\npron.<\/td>\npronoun.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Nasr.<\/td>\nNasr\u0101\u1e47is.<\/td>\nprov.<\/td>\nproverbs, proverbial.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      N.<\/td>\nName, Noun, North.<\/td>\nPT.<\/td>\nPanchatantram, in 2 versions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      n.<\/td>\nneuter gender; negative.<\/td>\nPtol.<\/td>\nPtolomy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      neg.<\/td>\nnegative.<\/td>\nq.v.<\/td>\nquod vide=which see.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Neg V.<\/td>\nNegative Verb.<\/td>\nRamK.<\/td>\nR\u0101ma Katha.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Nid.<\/td>\nNid\u0101nam, Cottayam.<\/td>\nRC.<\/td>\nR\u0101ma Charitam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      N.N.<\/td>\nName and surname.<\/td>\nRel. Part., Pron.<\/td>\nRelative Participle, Pronoun.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      No., NoM.<\/td>\nNorth, North Malabar.<\/td>\nrev., Rev.<\/td>\nrevenue papers, revenue term.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                      XVIII ABBREVIATIONS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                      Rh.<\/td>\nRheede’s hortus malabaricus, 1689.<\/td>\nTR.<\/td>\nTellicherry Records\u00a0(chiefly A.D. 1796-1799).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Rom. Cath.<\/td>\nRoman Catholic.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      RS.<\/td>\nR\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47a Sank\u012brtanam.<\/td>\ntr.<\/td>\ntransitive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      S.<\/td>\nSanscrit; South (region).<\/td>\nTrav.<\/td>\nTravancore (country).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Sah.<\/td>\nSahad\u0113va V\u0101kyam.<\/td>\nTrP.<\/td>\nTiruwanantapura Panch\u0101ngam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Sah.M.<\/td>\nSahya M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Sancr.<\/td>\nSankr\u0101nti M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nTu.<\/td>\nTu\u1e37u (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Sank. Ach.<\/td>\nShankara \u0100ch\u0101rya’s history(prose).<\/td>\nTurk.<\/td>\nTurkish (tongue).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Scr.<\/td>\nScriptural (Bible).<\/td>\nUmV.<\/td>\nUm\u0113\u0161\u0101na v\u1e5bttam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      SG.<\/td>\nSant\u0101na G\u014dp\u0101lam (2 versions).<\/td>\nUR.<\/td>\nUttara R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      ShV.<\/td>\nShabari V\u0101kyam. [etc.).<\/td>\nv.<\/td>\nverb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      sic<\/td>\n=thus (so met with in Granthams<\/td>\nv. a.<\/td>\nactive verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      SidD.<\/td>\nSiddh\u0101nta D\u012bpika.<\/td>\nv. i.<\/td>\nintransitive verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Sil.<\/td>\nSh\u012blavati P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5. [ prefixes.<\/td>\nv. int.<\/td>\nintensive verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      simpl.<\/td>\nsimple, i.e. verbor Noun without<\/td>\nv. iter.<\/td>\niterative verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      sing.<\/td>\nsingular (number).<\/td>\nv.n.<\/td>\nneuter verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Si Pu. (SP.)<\/td>\nShiva Pur\u0101\u1e47am.<\/td>\nV. part.<\/td>\nVerbal participle.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      SiR.<\/td>\nShiva-r\u0101tri M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nv. t.<\/td>\ntransitive verb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Sit Vij.<\/td>\nS\u012bt\u0101 Vijayam.<\/td>\nV.<\/td>\nverapoly dictionaries.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Sit V\u1e5btt.<\/td>\nS\u012bt\u0101 V\u1e5bttam.<\/td>\nV1.<\/td>\nthe 1st part, Mal. & Port.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Sk.<\/td>\nSk\u0101ndam pur\u0101\u1e47am.<\/td>\nV2.<\/td>\nthe 2nd part, port. & Mal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Soc.<\/td>\nSocial (case).<\/td>\nVCh.<\/td>\nVeir\u0101gya chandr\u014ddayam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      So. Can.<\/td>\nSouth Canara.<\/td>\nVed.<\/td>\nthe Vedic language.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      So. & So M.<\/td>\nSouth, South Malabar.<\/td>\nVed (t). D.<\/td>\nV\u0113d\u0101nta Dar\u0161anam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Som.<\/td>\nS\u014dmav\u0101ra-P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5.<\/td>\nVednt.<\/td>\nV\u0113d\u0101nta treatise.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Som. Mah.<\/td>\nS\u014dmav\u0101ra M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nVetc. (VC.)<\/td>\nV\u0113t\u0101\u1e37a Charitam. [ers).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      SSh.<\/td>\nShil\u0101t\u0101mra Sh\u0101sana\u1e45gal.<\/td>\nVeY.<\/td>\nV\u0113\u1e0d\u0101yuddham (a poem about hunt-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Stuti<\/td>\ndifferent Stutis of Gods.<\/td>\nVilvp.<\/td>\nVilva Pur\u0101\u1e47am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Such. Mah.<\/td>\nShuch\u012bndra M\u0101h\u0101tmyam.<\/td>\nVivR.<\/td>\nViv\u0101da Ratn\u0101karam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Superl.<\/td>\nSuperlative.<\/td>\nVN.<\/td>\nVerbal Noun.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      superst.<\/td>\nsuperstition.<\/td>\nVoc<\/td>\nVocative (case).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Sr., Swarg.<\/td>\nseveral Swarg\u0101r\u014dha\u1e47am.<\/td>\nvu.<\/td>\nvulgar.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Swarg Kaly.<\/td>\nSwarg\u0101r\u014dh\u1e47a Kaly\u0101\u1e47am.<\/td>\nVyM.<\/td>\nVy\u0101vah\u0101ra M\u0101la.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Syr.<\/td>\nSyrian (tongue).<\/td>\nVyP.<\/td>\nVy\u0101kara\u1e47a Prav\u0113\u0161am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      T.<\/td>\nTamil (tongue).<\/td>\nW.<\/td>\nWilson’s Vocabulary of Indian\u00a0terms; West (region).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      t.<\/td>\ntense.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Talip.<\/td>\nTa\u1e37ipa\u1e59ambu (district).<\/td>\nWinsl.<\/td>\nWinslow. Tam.-Engl. Dict. (1862).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Tantr.<\/td>\nTantra-sangraham.<\/td>\n5.<\/td>\nthe five Dravidian languages: Ta-mil, Telugu, \u010aanarese, Tu\u1e37u and\u00a0Malay\u0101\u1e37am.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Tatw.<\/td>\nTattwa-gn\u0101nam.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Tdbh.<\/td>\nTadbhavam.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Te.<\/td>\nT\u1eb9lugu (tongue).<\/td>\n4.<\/td>\nfour of id. (with the exception\u00a0of the one given).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Tell.<\/td>\nTellicherry (district).<\/td>\n\u221a<\/td>\nRoot.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      temp.<\/td>\ntemporal.<\/td>\n– l –<\/td>\nrepetition of the preceding word.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      Ti.<\/td>\nT\u012bppu Katha.<\/td>\nNumbers after words refer to the pages of the\u00a0Dictionary.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                      TP.<\/td>\nTach\u014d\u1e37i P\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                      A\u00a0MALAYALAM AND ENGLISH\u00a0DICTIONARY.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"front-matter-type":[13],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-17","front-matter","type-front-matter","status-publish","hentry","front-matter-type-introduction"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/17","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/front-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/17\/revisions"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/17\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"front-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter-type?post=17"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=17"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=17"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}