{"id":26,"date":"2026-05-05T08:16:34","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T07:16:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/chapter\/syntax-and-grammatical-abbreviations\/"},"modified":"2026-05-15T14:13:35","modified_gmt":"2026-05-15T13:13:35","slug":"syntax-and-grammatical-abbreviations","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/chapter\/syntax-and-grammatical-abbreviations\/","title":{"raw":"Syntax and Grammatical Abbreviations","rendered":"Syntax and Grammatical Abbreviations"},"content":{"raw":"
Gundert utilized an \"incongruous nomenclature,\" abandoning the standard European categories (like strictly defined adjectives) because Malayalam words often fluctuate between functions based on context. Instead, he aligned his dictionary with traditional Malayalam distinctions: Nouns, Verbs, and Indeclinables. This morphological flexibility is a hallmark of the Dravidian system.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a76. Doubling of Consonants in Malayalam Composition (Literal Extraction)<\/span><\/div>\n
\"a) In Malay\u0101\u1e37am Compound Nouns, as a rule, the consonant is doubled after the long vowels \u0101, \u012b, \u016b, \u0113, ei, palatal a, i, full u, the final consonants r, l, \u1e37, \u1e3b, after m dropped in Mal. or Sanscr. Nouns (\u0d46\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41 M., \u0d2d\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f S. and M.).<\/span><\/div>\n
b) In Compounds of Nouns and verbs... reduplication is not required; it may however occur after Accusatives; with some adverbial participles.<\/span><\/div>\n
c) In Compounds of Verbs with Verbs reduplication is necessary after the Infinitive, e.g. \u0d2e\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 and the past tense in i, e.g. \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f etc.\"<\/span><\/div>\n
Common Grammatical Abbreviations<\/span><\/div>\n
To facilitate the \"portable volume\" format, Gundert employed the following abbreviations for verbs:<\/span><\/div>\n
    \n \t
  • a. v.:<\/b> active verb<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • n. v.:<\/b> neuter verb<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • CV.:<\/b> Causal Verb<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • den V.:<\/b> denominative Verb<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • defV.:<\/b> defective Verb (e.g., <\/span>u\u1e37\u1e37u<\/i>)<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • aux. V.:<\/b> auxiliary Verb (e.g., <\/span>i\u1e0du\u0264a<\/i>)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    With the grammatical framework established, we turn to the primary source data for the vowel \"\u0d05\".<\/span><\/div>","rendered":"
    Gundert utilized an “incongruous nomenclature,” abandoning the standard European categories (like strictly defined adjectives) because Malayalam words often fluctuate between functions based on context. Instead, he aligned his dictionary with traditional Malayalam distinctions: Nouns, Verbs, and Indeclinables. This morphological flexibility is a hallmark of the Dravidian system.<\/span><\/div>\n
    \u00a76. Doubling of Consonants in Malayalam Composition (Literal Extraction)<\/span><\/div>\n
    “a) In Malay\u0101\u1e37am Compound Nouns, as a rule, the consonant is doubled after the long vowels \u0101, \u012b, \u016b, \u0113, ei, palatal a, i, full u, the final consonants r, l, \u1e37, \u1e3b, after m dropped in Mal. or Sanscr. Nouns (\u0d46\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41 M., \u0d2d\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f S. and M.).<\/span><\/div>\n
    b) In Compounds of Nouns and verbs… reduplication is not required; it may however occur after Accusatives; with some adverbial participles.<\/span><\/div>\n
    c) In Compounds of Verbs with Verbs reduplication is necessary after the Infinitive, e.g. \u0d2e\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 and the past tense in i, e.g. \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f etc.”<\/span><\/div>\n
    Common Grammatical Abbreviations<\/span><\/div>\n
    To facilitate the “portable volume” format, Gundert employed the following abbreviations for verbs:<\/span><\/div>\n
      \n
    • a. v.:<\/b> active verb<\/span><\/li>\n
    • n. v.:<\/b> neuter verb<\/span><\/li>\n
    • CV.:<\/b> Causal Verb<\/span><\/li>\n
    • den V.:<\/b> denominative Verb<\/span><\/li>\n
    • defV.:<\/b> defective Verb (e.g., <\/span>u\u1e37\u1e37u<\/i>)<\/span><\/li>\n
    • aux. V.:<\/b> auxiliary Verb (e.g., <\/span>i\u1e0du\u0264a<\/i>)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      With the grammatical framework established, we turn to the primary source data for the vowel “\u0d05”.<\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-26","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":19,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26\/revisions\/27"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/19"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=26"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=26"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.psgaesthetics.uk\/gundert\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=26"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}